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UNIT ONE

SUPORT CURS 2005/2006CURS DE LIMBI MODERNE APLICATE N DOMENIUL AFACERILOR

LIMBA ENGLEZA

ANUL I

NVMNT LA DISTAN

LIMBA ENGLEZ

Titulat Lector Dr. Mariana TomaCONTENTS

Forward

Unit one. Business Communication

I. Reading Comprehension:

1)/2) Mind Your Manners: It's Good Business

II. Vocabulary Practice:

1)/ 2)/ 3) Collocations

4) Dictionary definitions

5) Factors That Influence Communication

III. Glossary of Business Communication TermsUnit two. Information Technology

I. Reading Comprehension:

1)/2) Agents Can Benefit from Advances in Basic Office EquipmentII. Vocabulary Practice:

1) Web of Trust

2) Dictionary definitions

3) Fill-in-the-gaps

III. Glossary of IT TermsUnit three. Employment

I. Reading Comprehension:

1)/2) In the Land of Jobless

II. Vocabulary Practice:

1) The Letter of Application2) Word formation: WorkIII. Glossary of Employment TermsUnit four. Company Structure

I. Reading Comprehension:

1)/2) Henry Ford

II. Vocabulary Practice:

1) Error-correction

2) Types of Business

3) Advantages and Disadvantages of Sole Traders and Partnerships4) Fill-in-the-gaps III. Glossary of Company Structure and OrganisationUnit five. Management

I. Reading Comprehension:

1)/2) Leadership Styles

II. Vocabulary Practice:1) The Bosses who Drive Staff Away

2) Sick Leave Notes3) Word Formation : ManageIII. Glossary of Management TermsUnit six. Business Travel

I. Reading Comprehension:

1)/2) How to Complain Effectively at Your Hotel

II. Vocabulary Practice:

1) Packing Luggage for Business Trips

2) Word Formation : Travel3) Collocations

III. Glossary of Business Travel TermsUnit seven. Business and the Environment

I. Reading Comprehension:

1)/2) Types of Environment Pollution

II. Vocabulary Practice:

1) Environmental Subsidies for Business and Industry

2) Dictionary definitions

3) Word Formation : environment, pollution

4) Collocations

III. Glossary of Environmental TermsUnit eight. Economics

I. Reading Comprehension:

1)/2) Monetary Policy Expectations

II. Vocabulary Practice:

1) Economic Growth

2) Collocations

3) Supply and Demand

4) Business Cycle

III. Glossary of Economics Answer keyBibliographyForward

The present material is a useful tool, both for class study anf for individual study, for business students preparing for their first year final exam, or for the final examination at the end of their academic studies.

The eight theme-based units consist of reading and vocabulary tasks built on business authentic on-line publications .

The types of exercises are:

I. Reading Comprehension

a text accompanied by four/option multiple choice items. The stem of a multiple choice item may be in the form of a question or an incomplete sentence.

a gapped text with six sentence-length gaps. The correct sentence must be identified in order to fill each gap from a set of eight sentences marked A-H. One sentence is an example and one other sentence is a distractor which does not fit any of the gaps.

a text accompanied by true-false multiple choice items. The stem is generally a statement.

a gapped text followed by sub-headings. The correct sub-heading must be identified, according to meaning.II. Vocabulary Practice

a lexical cloze: a gapped text with 10-15 four-option multiple choice items, most of which test vocabulary.

a structural (open) cloze: a gapped text in which one word has to be supplied in order to fill each gap.

an error-correction or proof-reading task based on a text, with 10-15 items. In most lines of the text there is either an extra word that shouldnt be there, or there is a spelling or grammar mistake, which should be identified and deleted. There are, nevertheless, lines which contain no error.

a word-formation task, based on a text with 10-15 gaps. Prompts are given for each gap and the correct form of the word must be supplied for each gap.

a matching exercise, based on a text with 10-15 gaps, followed by the missing words in jumbled order. The appropriate words must be given for each gap.

a matching exercise, in which two list of words are given, and each word in the first column must be matched with a word from the second column in order to form suitable collocations, followed by a gapped text, in which the collocations found above have to be inserted.

a matching exercise, in which two lists are given, one with words and phrases, whereas in the second column are to be found their definitions. Each word and phrase have to be matched to their corresponding definition.

a matching exercise, based on a text, followed by a list of synonyms to some of the words in the text.

a matching exercise, based on a text, followed by a list of antonyms to some of the words in the Each unit is followed by a glossary of specific trems. At the end of the course students may find the answer key to the exercises and the bibliography used by the author.UNIT ONEBUSINESS COMMUNICATION

I. READING COMPREHENSION1. Read the following text about business manners:

Mind Your Manners: It's Good Business

Mom said it best: If you want to succeed in business, try to act like you weren't raised in a barn.

But even though knowing how to behave is more important than ever, global alliances, new technology and an increasingly diverse work force have changed many of the old rules. .0.

Here are a few tips from Sue Fox and Perrin Cunningham, authors of Business Etiquette for Dummies (Hungry Minds Inc.):

When someone gives you a business card, don't just glance at it and slide it into your pocket. Instead, take a moment to read it thoroughly. You may want to repeat the person's name to be sure of the correct pronunciation and/or ask about the person's job responsibilities. ..1

Treat everyone with courtesy, even co-workers who bug you. Remember the morning affirmation of Marcus Aurelius, a former Emperor of Rome: 'Today I will be surrounded by people who irritate me. I will not demonstrate my irritation.'

Americans routinely eat French fries with their fingers. But in France, pommes frites are eaten with a knife and fork. When you dine overseas or with an international group, be especially watchful of the behaviour of your companions. When in doubt, use a knife and fork.

Be careful how you sit. Jiggling your knee is a sign of nervousness. Leaning forward can, at times, suggest aggressiveness, so do it with care. Leaning back with your hands behind your head and your pelvis lifted is an unseemly display for a man. So is sitting with your legs open if no desk shields your conversation partner from you. 2.

Giving your boss a gift? Use extreme caution. Extravagant gift-giving is bad strategy (it may look as if you're trying to curry favor or offer a bribe) and in poor taste. 3.

When making introductions, observe the 'pecking order.' Always present the 'lesser' person to the more senior person. For instance:

'Ms. Executive, I'd like to introduce Mr. Assistant.'

'Mr. Client, I'd like to introduce my partner.'

'Governor, may I introduce Ms. Citizen.'

'Two-Year Employee, this is Ms. New Employee.'

If you'll be hosting foreign visitors, ditch the slang. Idioms can be confusing to foreign visitors, even if they speak the King's English better than you do. .4. A sentence such as, 'The printer works 24/7, so I'll get you that report ASAP unless the finance guy is AWOL again today' can be difficult for even a U.S. native to understand.

When dining with colleagues, follow the senior person's lead. If he or she orders an appetizer and an additional side dish, you should, too. 5. And although you can always drink less than the senior person, you should never drink more. Two or three glasses of wine during a business dinner is plenty for anyone.

Be discreet with your pager. If at all possible, keep your pager on the vibrate mode. If you absolutely must have your beeper tone on, know exactly where your pager is so you can shut it off immediately. Every second you spend fumbling through your jacket pockets or purse while your pager plays 'God Bless America' is more bad business karma piling up. ..6. Wait until it is your turn to speak, then excuse yourself for a moment. Better still, wait until your meeting is over to check your message.

(http://www.business-survival.com/articles/startrun/BizManners.html)2. Choose the best sentence from below to fill each of the gaps in the text above. E.g. 0 D. Do not use any letter more than once. There is one extra sentence.

A. Remember to keep courses balanced so that everyone is eating at the same time.

B. If you're talking to someone, don't look at your pager for a message while they are speaking.

C. Others may resent you for 'going overboard.' Consider sending group gifts rather than individual gifts to bosses. It's all right, however, to send a card or flowers to your boss if he or she has been ill or in the hospital.

D. Good manners really can give your career a boost, but are you confident that you know the rules?

E. Similarly, leaning back with your legs crossed and one side off the seat of the chair is an unseemly display for a women. So is sitting like a sexy starlet on the Tonight Show.

F. The expression 'How's it going?' for instance, doesn't make much sense to someone who doesn't understand what 'it' refers to, let alone where it would be 'going.'

G. 'If this person can't handle the fundamentals of a knife and fork, what else did this person neglect to learn--and do I want him to handle my account?'

H. Be sure to express your thanks for being given the information.

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE1. Match the following verbs and nouns to form suitable collocations:

1. make

2. reach

3. return

4. ask for

5. state

6. do

7. burn

8. end

9. express

10. take

11. handle

12. makea) bridges

b) a/the call

c) an interest

d) a deal

e) a/the call

f) business

g) a message

h) a number

i) a/the call

j) an appointment

k) a/the call

l) the purpose

2. Now fill in the gaps in the following text with the collocations you found above. You may want to change the form of the verbs (-ing, -ed, etc.) or of the nouns (pl., etc.):

Business Telephone Etiquette for Success

Proper Telephone Etiquette is more important than ever in todays business environment. Much of our business communications takes place on the phone: in the office, at home, in the car, virtually anywhere. In this area, proper phone technique can 1. ________or break _______ or relationships. The following are some guidelines to help you use the phone as a power tool.

First is the greeting. When answering the phone for business, be sure to identify yourself (and your company, if applicable). If answering someone elses line, be sure to include their name in your greeting, so that the other party does not think they have 2. ________ a wrong ________. For example, if answering Jim Smiths line, Bob Johnson would answer the phone Jim Smiths line, Bob Johnson speaking and then 3. _________ ________ or 4. ________ _________, depending on how your office works.

When you are the person 5. _______ _______, be sure to use proper phone etiquette from the start. You want to be sure to be polite to the gatekeepers i.e. Secretaries, receptionists etc. that answer the phone for your business contact, as they are the ones who have the power put you through, (or not) at 4:55 pm on Friday, when their boss is getting ready to leave the office. They may sit outside of the office, but they too have influence and power so a greeting such as Good morning, this is Penny Jones, Im 6. _______ _______from John Jones, is he available? is a bit of etiquette well spent in the long run. It would also be wise to learn the names of the top assistants, and use their names to make them feel noticed and important. Some business relationships, especially in fields like sales and marketing, start or stall right at the front desk.

When you have reached the party, if your call has been expected, remind them of the prior conversation and appointment. People get busy and can seem surprised until you remind them of where they should remember you from. If your call is not expected, unless it will be a short call, ask the party if they have the time for you. Calling unannounced is much like dropping in and you shouldnt overstay unless invited. If the other person does not have time, briefly 7. __________ __________ of your call and 8. __________ _________ to follow up at a later time.

Have a phone diary. Keep a pencil and pad near the phone and jot notes during phone conversations. This will help you actively listen and have a reference for later. Employ active listening noises such as yes or I see or great. This lets the other person know that you care about what they have to say. Recap at the end of the call, using your notes and repeat any resolutions or commitments on either side to be sure you are both on the same page.

9. __________ _________ on a positive note by thanking the other person for their time and 10. _________ _________ in speaking with them again (if that is true). If not, just let them know you appreciated them speaking with you and end the call. A gracious good bye leaves the door open for further communication and in this day of mergers and acquisitions you never know with whom you will 11. _________ ________ with in the future, so 12. ________ any ___________, or telephone lines, would be unwise. Remember, in this global marketplace, some of the most powerful business relationships have been between people who have never seen each other.

(http://ny.essortment.com/businesstelepho_rtli.htm)

3.Find more collocations with the noun call:verb + call

accept

give sb.

make

________

_________adjective + call

business

collect

emergency

__________

__________

4.Match the following words and expressions with their corresponding definitions:

1. assessment

2. interview

3. agenda

4. Annual General Meeting (AGM)

5. minutes

6. overhead projector

(OHP)

7. feedback

8. visual aidsa) a device which makes images on a flat transparent sheet larger and shows them on a white screen or wall. b) the written record of what was said at a meeting

c) something that you are shown, such as a picture, film or map, in order to help you understand or remember information.d) a judgment about something based on an understanding of the situation

e) a list of matters to be discussed at a meetingf) meeting once every year in which a company or other organization discusses the past year's activities and elects new officers.

g) face to face communication where questions are asked.

h) Information or statements of opinion about something, such as a new product, that provide an idea of whether it is successful or liked

5. Read the article about factors that influence communication and choose the best word from below to fill each gap:Factors That Influence CommunicationFor communication to work and get the response or reaction that you want, the receiver must understand the message that the sender is sending. To make this possible the message should be: clear, simple, accurate, complete, relevant.

This sounds easy enough to do but there are quite a few of those little gremlins that get in the way of ____________ 1. communication.

Understanding

If you were told to 'vat vir jou 'n boek en sit daar op die stoel' you would not do so. Not ___________ 2., considering that the communication takes place in a language you don't understand. (It is, by the way, in Afrikaans, which is one of South Africa's 11 official languages). There has not been effective communication between me, the sender, and you, the ___________ 3., because the medium used was one you did not understand.

Attitude

Your response to the request = 'would you be able to stay this afternoon and help in the office?' would be very different if the ____________ 4. was given by a sender you liked and wanted to impress than it would be if the same message was given by a sender you ___________ 5.The communication from the sender you want to make a good __________ 6. on would have got the desired result, you would have helped in the office. The sender that you have a bad ____________ 7. towards would be doing the work himself.

Timing

Teenagers are experts __________ 8. timing! Don't you just know the right time to ask Dad for those new jeans? Even if your communication is clear, simple, accurate, relevant and complete you know that it won't be effective (get the jeans) if you ask when the receiver (Dad) is in a bad __________ 9., has just come home from a hectic day, has just seen your report/ messy bedroom/you fighting with your sister.

Method

We have already said that in communicating we have a sender (you) a message (I am dumping you) a receiver (your boyfriend, sorry, ex-boyfriend) and a medium or method. In this case the notice board at school is not a good method. He will understand the message but the __________ 10. may not be desirable.

Tone

The 'Oh, go away' that you laughingly say to your friend who is teasing you is communicating a very different message to the 'Oh, go away' that you say to your _________ 11. little brother when he asks if he could borrow 2. Same message but very different tones that convey very different meanings.

Purpose

In business, communicating is usually to remind, reprimand, persuade, request, encourage or inform. Your reaction to any message would depend __________ 12. the purpose of it, what the sender was trying to __________ 13. you, the receiver, to do.

Capability

It is very important for the receiver to understand the message, given in the right tone, at the right time for the right purpose, but useless if the desired result is ________ 14. his/her capabilities. Instructing you to split the atom is not effective communication because you are not a __________ 15. physicist.

1. a) efficient

b) effective

c) effectual

d) professional

2. a) extraordinaryb) unexpected

c) surprising

d) astonishing

3. a) receiver

b) recipient

c) beneficiary

d) addressee

4. a) demand

b) request

c) memo

d) message

5. a) disliked

b) hated

c) detested

d) disapproved

6. a) impact

b) effect

c) influence

d) impression

7. a) feeling

b) attitude

c) inclination

d) dislike

8. a) in

b) at

c) about

d) on

9. a) state

b) humour

c) disposition

d) mood

10. a) reaction

b) answer

c) reply

qd) riposte

11. a) frustratingb) irritating

c) vexing

d) disturbing

12. a) upon

b) by

c) onto

d) on

13. a) make

b) get

c) persuade

d) convince

14. a) within

b) beyond

c) in

d) inside

15. a) accomplishedb) skilled

c) expert

d) trained

Glossary of Business Communication TermsAacknowledgement of order n. - confirmarea comenzii

addressee n. - destinatar (al unei scrisori sau al unui colet)

adjournment (of a meeting) n. - amnare, suspendare, ntrerupere (a unei edine)

advice of despatch n. - aviz de expediere

analytical report n. - raport analitic

annual report n. - raport anual

Any Other Business (AOB) n. - diverse (n procesul verbal al unei edine)

appeal to emotions v. - a face apel la sentimente

application letter n. - scrisoare de intenie

arm gesture n. - gest cu braul

ask for information v. - a solicita informaii

attendance n. - prezen, participare

attention curve n. - curb de variaie a ateniei

attention span n. - limite de timp ntre care cineva poate fi atent; durata de concentrare

audience analysis n. - analiza/studiul asculttorilor / publicului / clienilor

audience n. - auditoriu, public, asculttori, audien; public cititor

audience profile n. - caracterizare a publicului

audience resistance n. - rezistena/opoziia publicului

authorisation n. - autorizaie

authorised report n. - raport autorizat

Bbad-news message n. - mesaj nefavorabil

bargaining n. - negociere, nelegere asupra unui pre

be in conformity with v. - a fi n conformitate cu, conform cu

behaviour n. - comportament

biased language n. - limbaj prtinitor, folosit n de/favoarea cuiva

Bill of Lading n. - conosament

block format for letters n. - format bloc al unei scrisori (toate elementele scrisorii sunt aliniate la marginea stng)

body language n. - limbajul corpului / trupului

body of letter n. - textul / coninutul unei scrisori

brainstorming n. - asaltul de idei; metod de soluionare a unei probleme prin colectarea mai multor idei; brainstorming

brackets n. pl. - parantez dreapt

build credibility v. - a crea/produce credibilitate

business card n. - carte de vizit

business communication n. - comunicare n sfera afacerilor

business plan n. - plan de afaceri

businesslike tone n. - ton oficial

butt in v. - a se amesteca, a interveni ntr-o conversaie (neinvitat)

C cancel an order v. - a anula o comand

capitalisation n. - folosirea literelor de tipar

caption n. - titlu, subtitlu al unui articol sau capitol; textul unor benzi desenate/ caricaturi; legend

central idea n. - idee central/de baz

chartering of ships n. - contract de navlosire

check for errors v. - a verifica greelile (ntr-un text scris)

citation n. - citaie

closed-ended question n. - ntrebare cu rspuns unic

closing line n. - formulare de ncheiere (ntr-o scrisoare)

code of ethics n. - codul etic/principiilor morale

coherence n. - coeren, claritate

collaborative speech n. - conversaie

colon n. - dou puncte

comma n. - virgul

common noun n. - substantiv comun

communication between departments n. - comunicare ntre sectoarele/departamentele unei firme

communication channel n. - canal de comunicare

communication climate n. - climat favorabil comunicrii

communication n. - comunicare

communication skills n. pl. - deprinderi de comunicare

comparison n. - comparaie

complaint letter n. - scrisoare de reclamaie

complex sentence n. - fraz

complimentary close n. - formul de ncheiere i salut

composition process n. - proces de compunere/creare

computer assisted visual aids n. - material vizual prezentat cu ajutorul computerului

computer graphics n. pl. grafice realizate cu ajutorul computerului

computer-aided design n. - proiectare realizat cu ajutorul computerului

computerised databases n. pl. - baz de date computerizat

conclude v. - a trage o concluzie, a ncheia, a conclude

concluding sentence n. - formulare de ncheiere

conclusion n. - concluzie

concrete word n. - cuvnt care denumete un obiect concret, un lucru real

conduct a meeting v. - a conduce o edin

conference call n. - propunere/invitaie de participare la o conferin

confidential adj. - confidenial, secret

confidentiality n. - discreie

conflicting idea n. - idei contradictorii

conflict-resolution interview n. - interviu, ntrevedere de soluionare a unui conflict

conformity n. - conformitate, concordan

congeniality n. - conformitate, potrivire, afinitate

congratulation n. - felicitare

connotation n. - conotaie

connotative words n. pl. - cuvinte cu valoare conotativ

content meaning n. - sensul/semnificaia coninutului

content n. - coninut

contents of the letter n. pl. - elementele componente ale scrisorii

contract draft n. - proiect de contract

convey an impression v. - a transmite o impresie

copy v. - a copia

copyright n. - drept de autor, proprietate literar

copyright v. - a-i rezerva drepturile de autor

corporate culture n. - valorile, obiceiurile i tradiiile proprii unei companii; atmosfera profesional care caracterizeaz o firm; cultur organizaional

correct in terms of grammar adj. - corect din punct de vedere gramatical

correction symbol n. - simbol/semn folosit la corectarea (unui text)

correlation n. - corelare, relaionare

correspondence n. - coresponden, schimb de scrisori, pot

correspondence on methods and instruments of payment n. - coresponden privind modalitile i instrumentele de plat

correspondent n. - corespondent, reporter

courteous tone n. - ton amabil, politicos

cover letter n. - scrisoare de intenie

credibility n. - credibilitate

credit a source v. - a credita o surs; a meniona sursa bibliografic

crisis communication n. - comunicare n situii de criz. tensionate

criteria n. - criterii

criticism n. - critic

cross-cultural communication n. - comunicare transfrontalier

cross-cultural interaction n. - interaciune transfrontalier

cultural bias n. - prejudeci culturale

currently used expressions n. pl. - expresii uzuale

D data analysis n. - analiza datelor

data processing n. - prelucrare / procesare de date

database n. - baz de date

decision making n. - luare de decizii; proces decizional

decision-making meeting n. - edin n vederea adoptrii unor hotrri

decline an invitation v. - a refuza o invitaie

deductive approach n. - abordare deductiv

defend ones point v. - a-i susine punctul de vedere

deliver a presentation v. - a face o prezentare

deliver a speech v. - a ine o cuvntare

delivery of mail n. - expedierea corespondenei, potei

dependent clause n. - propoziie secundar

diagram n. - diagram

dictionary entry n. - articol de dicionar

direct eye contact n. - contact direct, fa-n-fa

direct-mail n. - publicitate prin pot

distortion of information n. - modificarea, distorsonarea informaiei

distraction n. - distragere, ntrerupere, lips de continuitate

documentation n. - documentare, informare

double-check v. - a verifica, a se asigura

downward communication n. - comunicare de sus n jos (pe scara ierarhic a unei organizaii)

draw conclusion v. - a trage o concluzie

Eedit v. - a edita

effective listening n. - ascultare eficient

electronic delivery system n. - sistem de expediere electronic

electronic mail/post n. - pota electronic

electronic message n. - mesaj electronic

electronic office n. - birou dotat cu echipament electronic

ellipses n. pl. - elips

emotional conflict n. - conflict emoional

emphasis n. - accentuare

emphasize v. - a accentua, a scoate n eviden

empathy n. - empatie

enclose v. - a altura, a anexa (ntr-un plic)

enclosed adj. - anexat, alturat

enclosure (Enc. /Encl./ Ends) n. - anex (la o scrisoare)

ending n. - concluzie, ncheiere, sfrit; desinen, terminaie (a unui cuvnt)

endnotes n. pl. - note de final

envelope n. - plic

episodic memory n. - memorie fragmentat/ episodic

error n. - greeal

ethical communication n. - comunicare etic

etiquette n. - etichet, maniere

ethnic bias n. - diferen etnic

evaluation n. - evaluare

evaluation of proposals n. - evaluarea/analizarea unei propuneri

exaggerated statement n. - exagerare, afirmaie exagerat

executive summary n. - raport, dare de seam ntocmit de conducerea unei organizaii

express a contrary opinion v. - a exprima o opinie contrar

express confidence in the good business relations of the two business partners v. - a-i exprima ncrederea n posibilitile de cooperare dintre cei doi parteneri

express goodwill v. - a exprima bunvoina (n ncheierea unei scrisori)

external communication n. - comunicare extern/exteriorizat

extract n. - fragment

eye contact n. - contact vizual

Fface-to-face communication n. - comunicare fa-n-fa / direct

facilitation of feedback n. - facilitarea feedback-ului/conexiunii inverse

fact checking n. - verificarea faptelor

familiar words n. pl. - cuvinte familiare

fax/facsimile message n. - mesaj fax

feedback n. - feedback, conexiune invers

focus group n. - grup reprezentativ (ntr-un sondaj)

follow-up message n. - mesaj suplimentar/adiional, completare

footnote n. - not de subsol

form n. - formular tip

form of the sales contract n. - forma contractului de vnzare cumprare

formal letter n. - scrisoare oficial

formal presentation n. - prezentare oficial

formality n. - formalitate

format n. - format

formulate an idea v. - a formula o idee

fragment n. - fragment

framework (for) n. - cadru potrivit (pentru)

G gain sbs attention v. - a capta atenia cuiva

generalisation n. - generalizare

generate an idea v. - a genera o idee

gesture n. - gest

get straight to the point v. - a fi direct, a trece direct la subiect

give an example v. - a da un exemplu

glossary n. - glosar

go into details v. - a da detalii

go over an issue v. - a prezenta o problem

good-news message n. - mesaj favorabil

goodwill message n. - mesaj prietenos, favorabil

government document n. - document guvernamental

graphic design n. - prezentare grafic

greetings n. pl. - complimente, felicitri

grievance n. - nemulumire, reclamaie, revendicare

grouping of ideas n. - gruparea ideilor

guest speaker n. - vorbitor, prezentator invitat

guidelines n. pl. - linii directoare, instruciuni

quotation n. - citat

H handwriting analysis n. - analiz grafologic, a scrisuluide mn

handwriting n. - scris de mn

handy n. - telefon mobil

hold ones attention v. - a reine atenia cuiva

honesty in answering questions n. - sinceritate manifestat n acordarea rspunsurilor

horizontal communication n. - comunicare pe orizontal (ntre membri aceluiai nivel ierarhic)

hostility n. - ostilitate

humour n. - umor

hyphen n. - cratim, liniu de desprire (ntr-un cuvnt compus sau la desprirea n silabe)

hypothesis n. - ipotez

Iidiomatic expression n. - expresie idiomatic, locuiune

illiteracy n. - analfalbetism

illiterate a. - analfabet

illustrate v. - a ilustra, a exemplifica

impromptu speaking n. - exprimare spontan, formularea unui mesaj oral fr pregtire prealabil

incoming mail n. - coresponden care urmeaz s soseasc

independent clause n. - propoziie principal

index n. - list de cuvinte n ordine alfabetic, tabel alfabetic

individual differences n. pl. - diferene individuale

inductive approach n. - abordare/metod inductiv

inference v. - a deduce, a concluziona

inferencing n. - deducie, concluzionare

informal communication channel n. - canal de comunicare neoficial

informal letter n. - scrisoare neoficial

information n. - informaie

informational overload n. - suprancrcare informaional

informative synopsis n. - rezumat, sumar informativ

inside address n. - adresa destinatarului/interioar

interact v. - a interaciona

interaction n. - interaciune

intercultural barriers n. pl. - bariere culturale

intercultural communication n. - comunicare intercultural

interjection n. - interjecie

internal communication n. - comunicare intern

interoffice mail n. - coresponden ntre birourile aceleai organizaii

interpersonal conflict n. - conflict interpersonal

interpreter n. - interpret

interruption of a conversation n. - ntreruperea unei conversaii

interview n. - interviu, ntrevedere

introduction n. - introducere

irrelevant information n. - informaie nesemnificativ, fr importan

J justification report n. - raport de justificare

K keep the audiences attention throughout v. - a reine atenia publicului pe tot parcursul (prezentrii, conferin, etc.)

key points n. pl. - puncte cheie, de importan major

key word n. - cuvnt cheie

L language barriers n. - bariere de limbaj, de exprimare

language learning n. - nvarea unei limbi

lay-out of a letter n. - forma de prezentare a scrisorii

layout of a report n. - forma de prezentare a unui raport

leasability n. - lizibilitate, calitatea unui text de a fi lizibil, cite

leave a voicemail v. - a lsa un mesaj vocal pe robotul telefonic

length of message n. - lungimea/durata mesajului (scris sau vorbit)

letter aiming at an agreement between partners n. - scrisoare viznd realizarea unui acord

letter of acceptance n. - scrisoare de acceptare

letter of credit n. - acreditiv bancar

letter of dismissal n. - scrisoare de ntiinare pentru concediere

letter of inquiry n. - cerere de ofert

letter of promotion - scrisoare de ntiinare a primirii unui post, cu detaliile acestuia

letter of warning n. - scrisoare de avertisment, avertisment scris (pentru nclcarea regulamentului de munc)

letter of refusal n. - scrisoare de refuzare a unei comenzi

letter of refusal of price reduction n. - (scrisoare de) refuzare a reducerii de pre

letter referring to loading /discharging n. - scrisoare referitoare la ncrcarea/descrcarea mrfii

letterhead n. - antet, hrtie sau scrisoare cu antet

level of proficiency n. - nivel de performan

line length n. - lungimea unui rnd, a unei propoziii

linking verb n. - verb de legtur

listening n. - ascultare

listening skill n. - deprinderea de a asculta

literature search n. - selectare, cutare de literatur de specialitate

logical approach n. - abordare/metod logic

M mailing list n. - list/fiier de adrese

main question n. - ntrebare principal

make corrections v. - a face corecturi

make introductions v. - a face prezentrile

manners n.pl. - (bune) maniere

meeting n. - edin, ntlnire de afaceri

memo n. - memorandum, raport, not, circular

memorise v. - a memora

memory n. - memorie

mental map n. - hart, reprezentare mental

mental representation n. - reprezentare mental

message adjustment n. - ajustarea mesajului

message n. - mesaj

message of the letter n. - mesajul scrisorii

message transmission n. - tramsmiterea mesajului

minimise noise v. - a minimaliza zgomotul

minutes of meeting n. - procesul verbal al unei edine/ntlniri de afaceri

misunderstanding n. - nenelegere, disput

motivation n. - motivaie, motiv

motivational speech n. - cuvntare rostit cu scopul de a motiva, stimula

move from point to point v. - a trece de la o problem la alta ( pe ordinea de zi a unei edine)

N native speaker n. - vorbitor nativ

negotiate the price clause v. - a negocia clauza pre

negotiate the quality /quantity clause v. - a negocia clauza de calitate/cantitate

negotiation n. - negociere

negotiation principles n. pl. - principii de negociere

negotiation strategies n. pl. - strategii de negociere

negotiation techniques n. pl. - tehnici de negociere

network n. - reea

non-verbal communication n. - comunicare non-verbal, fr cuvinte

note taking n. - luare de notie

O obsolete language n. - limbaj nvechit

offer n. - (scrisoarea de) ofert

office technology n. - tehnologie, echipament de birou

open communication n. - comunicare deschis, fr constrngeri

open ended question n. - ntrebare deschis

opener n. - formul introductiv

opening line n. - formulare introductiv (ntr-o scrisoare)

opening of a letter n. - formul de ncepere a unei scrisori

openness n. - franchee, sinceritate

oral communication n. - comunicare oral

oral presentation n. - prezentare oral

order n. - (scrisoarea de) comand

organize a letter v. - a organiza coninutul unei scrisori

outgoing mail n. - coresponden care urmeaz s fie expediat

outline n. - plan, schi

overhead projector n. - retroproiector

P paragraph n. - paragraf

parenthesis n. - parantez rotund

parts of speech n. - pri de vorbire

perception n. - percepere, nelegere, receptare

permission for using copyrighted materials n. - permisiunea de a folosi materiale originale/cu drept de autor

persuasive message n. - mesaj convingtor

photocopier n. - fotocopiator

phrase n. - expresie, locuiune

plagiarism n. - plagiat

planning of speech n. - planificarea prelegerii/cuvntrii

polarisation n. - polarizare, diferene de opinii

positive close n. - propoziie afirmativ

postal code n. - cod potal

postal regulations n. pl. - regulamente potale

postscript n. - postscriptum

preamble to contract n. - preambulul la contract

presentation n. - prezentare

presentation techniques n. - tehnici de prezentare

press release n. - declaraie/buletin de pres

preview n. - prefa, cuvnt nainte

productive skills n. pl. - deprinderi productive

pronunciation n. - pronunie

proofreading n. - corectur

proper noun n. - substantiv propriu

punctuate v. - a folosi semne de punctuaie

punctuation n. - punctuaie

put forward an idea v. - - a prezenta o ideeQ question n. - ntrebare

question-and-answer chain n. - lan de ntrebri i rspunsuri

questionnaire n. - chestionar

quotation mark n. - ghilimele

R racial bias n. - prejudecat rasial

rapport n. - relaie, raport interuman

readability n. - lizibilitate, gradul de uurin cu care se poate citi un text

reading skill n. - deprinderea de a citi

receiver n. - receptor (la telefon); receptor (al unui mesaj, n procesul comunicrii)

recipient n. - destinatar, primitor, beneficiar

receptive skills n. - deprinderi receptive

receptivity n. - receptivitate

receptor n. - receptor

recommendation letter n. - scrisoare de recomandare

recommendation n. - recomandare

referee n. - persoan care d o referin/recomandare, referent

reference line n. - referinele (ntr-o scrisoare)

reference n. - referin, recomandare

reiterate v. - a reitera, a repeta

reject an offer v. - a respinge o ofert

rejection of job application n. - neacceptarea unei cereri de angajare

reminder n. - scrisoare de revenire

repetition n. - repetiie

report n. - raport

resignation letter n. - scrisoare de demisie

response to a letter of complaint n. - rspuns la o scrisoare de reclamaie

resume n. - C.V., autobiografie

retrieve v. - a recupera (datele stocate)

revision n. - recapitulare

role-playing n. - joc de rol

rough draft n. - ciorn

routine request n. - cerere/ntrebare de rutin

Ssalutation n. - formul de salut

selective attention n. - atenie selectiv

semicolon n. - punct i virgul

sender n. - emitor

sender of message n. - expeditor

shipping instructions n. pl. - instruciuni de expediere

show hospitality v. - a manifesta ospitalitate

size of audience n. - numrul participanilor la o manifestare public

snail mail n. - pos/coresponden transmis cu ajutorul mijloacelor de transport tradiionale

social chat n. - conversaie monden

socialise with sb v. - a ntreine relaii sociale cu cineva

speaking skill n. - deprinderea de a vorbi

specimen sentences in quantity clauses n. pl. - formulri folosite n redactarea clauzei referitoare la cantitate

spelling checker n. - corector

spelling n. - rostire sau scriere liter cu liter, ortografie

spoken message n. - mesaj vorbit

staff magazine n. - jurnal (sptmnal sau lunar) publicat pentru angajaii unei organizaii

status inquiry n. - scrisoare care solicit informaii despre situaia financiar a unei firme

store v. - a stoca, a reine (cuvinte, informaii)

strategic competence n. - competen strategic

stress n. - accent

stress v. - a accentua

subject line n. - (formularea care conine) obiectul scrisorii

summarize v. - a face un rezumat, a rezuma

symbol system n. - sistem de simboluri

T table of contents n. - tabl de materii, cuprins

tailor ones style v. - a-i adapta, cizela stilul

tailoring of style n. - adaptarea stilului (de scris, etc.)

take turns v. - a vorbi cu rndul/pe rnd

targeted audience n. - public vizat

teamwork n. - munc n echip

telecommunications n. pl. - sistem de telecomunicaii

telegram n. - telegram

tense of verb n. - timpul verbelor

termination letter n. - scrisoare de reziliere

the enclosed document n. - documentul anexat/alturat

title page n. - pagin titlu

tone n. - ton al vocii, al unui mesaj etc.

tone of voice n. - tonul vocii

topic n. - subiect

topic sentence n. - propoziie principal

translate v. - a traduce

translation n. - traducere

transportation correspondence n. - coresponden referitoare la transporturi

typical business letter n. - scrisoare tipic n corespondena de afaceri

U un/favourable information n. - informaii ne/favorabile

underline v. - a sublinia

unfavourable reply n. - rspuns nefavorabil

upward communication n. - comunicare de jos n sus (pe scara ierarhic a unei organizaii)

V verbal communication n. - comunicare verbal, cu ajutorul cuvintelor

videoconference n. - videoconferin

visual aid n. - material/suport vizual

voice of verb n. - diatez

W Waybill n. - scrisoare de trsur

widely spoken language n. - limb de circulaie internaional

wind up a presentation v. - a ncheia o prezentare

word order n. - topic, ordinea cuvintelor ntr-o propoziie

work plan n. - plan de lucru

write after dictation v. - a scrie dup dictare

write final draft v. - a scrie (o prezentare) n forma final

writing skill n. - deprinderea de a scrie

writing style n. - stil de scris

written communication n. - comunicare scris

written message n. - mesaj scris

UNIT TWO

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

I. READING COMPREHENSION1. Read the following text about office automation:

Agents Can Benefit from Advances in Basic Office Equipment

by Edgar J. HigginsHigh-tech innovations are fascinating. Bluetooth technology may someday wirelessly connect all the devices we use, and what once were multiple items will be consolidated into a single, multifunction tool. Such developments capture our interest and our agency technology dollars. But as we focus on the newest technology, we tend to overlook basic items that provide some of the best returns on investment. Below are examples of 'low-tech' devices that can improve your agency's workflow.

1._________________ Many agencies still use manual letter openers. Electronic, high-speed 'slicer' openers have been available for over a decade. They cost less than $100 and can save an agency 10 minutes a day. Does this seem too low-tech to bother with? Ten minutes a day, times 265 workdays, translates to 44 hours a year. At an employee cost of $10 an hour, this is a savings of $440-meaning the return on investment comes in only three months.

2._________________ The newest machines are faster than ever and have the ability to 'account select.' This allows automatic cost accounting for different divisions and different activities. For example, you can set up a marketing account on the meter and track marketing expenses in the form of bulk-mailing postage. The latest meters also have inexpensive integrated scales that automatically set the postage amount. With high competition between vendors, you can often switch to the newest system at no net additional cost. If you save five minutes a day, you've saved $220 annually. Just as important is the boost to office morale from having modern equipment that actually works.

3._________________ Moore Business Forms has a postal system-approved laser-printer form that significantly streamlines the process. Free Microsoft Word macro set-up software is included with the purchase of forms. You can use Word address label tools to enter the name and address of a recipient just once, and the address label, postal system receipt, return postcard and file copy are created automatically. If you use a large quantity of certified mail, this is a must-have application. Even default postage is entered on the postal receipt and can be edited if needed.

4._________________ If you produce it in-house, a folding machine will save you time and money. Even if it is produced outside the office, you can save by folding it in-house. Low-end folding machines are available for less than $300 and pay for themselves within two years for an agency that sends regular newsletters. A large agency can benefit from a new Pitney Bowes small-business folding and stuffing machine that has become available in the past year. It stuffs up to three collated sheets from different loading trays, with the option of either a reply envelope or any other single brochure or postcard enclosure, and seals the envelope as well. Reports indicate the equipment is reliable, and at $4,500 it can pay for itself in less than two years for large agencies.

5._________________ The newest wireless units weigh less than two ounces and operate up to 200 feet away from the base unit. Current models use a 'constancy frequency search' so that no two units operate on the same frequency at once, allowing the use of multiple units at a small distance from each other. Our experience has been that the improved comfort of use and release of both hands for keyboarding are well worth the cost.

6.__________________ Most agencies have at least 30 long-distance numbers that various agency staff members call frequently. Phone systems with multiple speed-dialing features have been available for several years. The Lucent Partner system has capacity for several one-button speed-dial buttons for the most frequently called numbers, and dozens of additional numbers can be programmed with three-digit codes. This feature can save time for every agency employee, and since it is built-in, all of the savings represent net gain.

7.___________________ Professionally recorded messages about your agency's features and benefits are a great way to enhance your image. They get your clients' attention more than the local radio station. CD burners make it possible to record these messages yourself. For less than $100, you can connect a CD player to the audio input of many phone systems with a simple jack. A professional, external recording job can cost as much as $400, which may be worth the money for a higher-quality recording. We wrote our own scripts and sent them to a recording studio, then selected different messages for different times of the year. Even this relatively simple technology separates your agency from the competition.None of the technology mentioned here is difficult or expensive to implement. It's important to periodically revisit the basic devices that help us run our agencies more efficiently.(http://www.agentandbroker.com/FSG/AgentBroker/Departments/Automation.htm)

2.Fill in the gaps above with the following sub-headings:

a. Speed-dial numbers.

b. Outgoing mail.

c. Telephone headsets.

d. Opening mail.

e. On-hold messages.

f. Sending certified or return-receipt mail.

g. Publishing client newsletters.

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1. Read the following text about the importance of trust in internet. For each gap 1-12 write one word against the corresponding number. There is an example at the beginning: 0 why.Web of trustIf you like surfing the web, it is probably because you believe people are basically goodWhen economists try to explain ..0. the Internet is more popular in one country than another, they usually ..1. to factors such as the number of PCs, telephone lines .2. average years of schooling. But something ..3. quantifiable may be more important: trust. This, at least, is the result of a recent study by Jonathan Leland and his ..4. at IBM, which compared 17 countries.

The Internet's anonymity and vastness encourage misrepresentation and fraud. Thus, people who are normally suspicious tend to shun the medium, 5. more trusting souls embrace it. To test this ..6. , the team correlated OECD data on Internet adoption .7. results from the World Values Survey. One question the latter asks is: Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted, or that you can't be .. 8. careful in dealing with people?

The statistical .. 9. between trust and Internet adoption turns out to be surprisingly strong. The degree of trust in a society, . 10. measured by the percentage of respondents who answered yes to the first part of the question above, explains almost two-thirds of national differences in the percentage of households that have Internet access. Even when controlled for other 11., such as the number of computers, trust remains an important factor.

What to do with such results is less obvious. If governments want people to adopt the Internet, perhaps they should try to increase trust among their citizenry. Of course, there may be other reasons to think this was a good policy. But trust is cultural and historical. Besides, it is not clear what the World Values Survey question actually reveals. And even if it .12. possible to increase trust, the IBM researchers suggest that high-trust countries such as Norway would benefit much more from such measures than low-trust countries such as Brazil. Trying to narrow the trust divide might only widen the digital divide.

(The Economist)

2. Match the following words and expressions with their corresponding definitions:

1. floppy disk

2. DVD (digital video disc)

3. speakers

4. headphones

5. (micro)processor

6. monitor/VDU (visual display unit)

7. hard drive/disc

8. modem

9. keyboard

10. CPU (central processing unit)a. a rigid disk inside a computer that is magnetized to hold a large quantity of computer data and programs

b. the set of keys on a computer or typewriter that you press in order to make it work

c. the central processing unit that performs the basic operations in a microcomputer. It consists of an integrated circuit contained on a single chip.

d. a disc used for storing and playing music and films

e. the part of a computer that performs operations and executes software commands

f. the part a piece of electrical equipment for playing recorded sound, through which the sound is played.

g. a piece of equipment with a screen on which information from a computer can be shown

h. round piece of bendable plastic, protected by a plastic cover, used to store computer information.

i. a device with a part to cover each ear through which you can listen to music, radio broadcasts, etc. without other people hearing

j. an electronic device which allows one computer to send information to another through standard telephone wires and therefore over long distances

3.Now fill in the gaps below with the above words and expressions:

1. A standard single-layered, single-sided ___________________ can store 4.7 GB of data; a two-layered standard enhances the single-sided layer to 8.5GB.2. Single-chip _____________________, called microprocessors, made possible personal computers and workstations.

3. In order to move a high volume of data, high-speed _______________ rely on sophisticated methods for 'loading' information onto the audio carrierfor example, they may combine frequency shift keying, phase modulation, and amplitude modulation to enable a single change in the carriers state to represent multiple bits of data.

4. A __________________ needs some empty space in it to run efficiently.

5. The new model of word processor has a smaller _______________.

6. There's no sound coming out of the right-hand _______________.

7. A modern _________________ can have over 1 million transistors in an integrated-circuit package that is roughly 1 inch square.

8. The travel agent checked the name on her _______________.

9. Hearing damage from ______________ is probably more common than from loudspeakers, because many people exploit the acoustic isolation by listening at higher volumes.

10. The _______________ was considered a revolutionary device at the time it was invented for its portability which provided a new and easy physical means of transporting data from computer to computer.

GLOSSARY OF IT TERMSAabend (ABnormal END) n. - nchiderea/terminarea neateptat/brusc a unui program din cauza unei erori

access v. - a accesa, a se conecta la o reea

activate/trigger a virus v. - a activa un virus

analytical processing n. - procesare analitic (folosirea computerului n luarea unor decizii manageriale pe baza analizrii unor tendine/trenduri)

anti-virus software n. - program antivirus

application database n. - colecie de date care deservesc un anumit program

application n. - aplicaie, program (numele tehnic dat unui anumit program: Excel, Word, Access, etc.)

archival database n. - baz de date arhivat (n sens diacronic)

artificial intelligence n. - inteligen artificial

atomic database n. - baz de date alctuit din date atomice, indivizibile

atomic n. - atomic, nivel indivizibil

authoring software n. - pachete multimedia integrate (ofer posibilitatea de aplicaii care combin informaia text cu obiecte grafice statice, animaii, sunete i video digital)

B backup system n. - suport de rezerv n caz de avarie

batch file n. - serie de comenzi/instruciuni care urmeaz s fie procesate de un computer

batch n. - script (set de instruciuni procesate secvenial)

batch processing n. - tip de procesare a unui script care nu permite intervenia utilizatorului

bit (Binary digIT) n. - bit, unitatea de baz n sistemul unui computer (poate avea valorile 1 sau 0)

block unauthorised access to the system v. - a bloca accesul neautorizat la sistem

bookmark v. - semn de carte (selectarea i nregistrarea automat a unor site-uri pe care utilizatorul dorete s le reviziteze)

bookmark/hotlist/ favourites list n. - list cu selecii de site-uri

browser n. - navigator (web), program de navigare pe Internet

B-Tree n. - arbore binar

buffer n. - zon tampon, de stocare temporar

buffer storage n. - memorie tampon (de stocare a unor date pn cnd un alt program este gata s le preia)

bug n. - eroare de programare

bulk mail n. - messaje e-mail nedorite

business operations n. pl. - programe folosite n desfurarea activitilor zilnice a unei firme (facturare, efectuarea de comenzi, etc.)

business software n. - programe de computer pentru facilitarea afacerilor i proceselor manageriale

byte n. - octet, set de opt bii alturai

C CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning) n. - nvarea limbilor strine cu ajutorul computerului

CD (compact disc) n. - disc compact, CD

CD recorder n. - dispozitiv de inscripionare a unui disc compact

CD ROM (ROM read only memory) n. - CD ROM, disc compact

child n. - fiu, obiect aflat n raport de subordonare fa de un obiect printe (cum ar fi butonul de accesare fa de fereastra care o conine)

classified computer data n. pl. - informaii secrete stocate ntr-un computer

click v. - a apsa un buton de mouse

close button n. - X-ul din colul drept al ferestrei care nchide fereastra

Computer Assisted/Based Instruction/Training n. - Instruire asistat de computer

computer breakdown n. - defectarea sistemului

computer crash n. - blocarea/nghearea sistemului

computer engineer n. - inginer de sistem

computer engineering n. - inginerie informatic

computer hacking offence n. - vina de fi accesat ilegal sistemul computerului

computer industry n. - industria informatic

computer language n. - limbaj informatic

computer literacy n. - deprinderea de a lucra cu computerul

computer literate n. - persoan nvat s lucreze cu computerul

computer maintenance n. - ntreinerea computerului

computer memory n. - memorie

computer network n. - reea de computere

computer power saving device n. - capacitatea de salvare/stocare n memorie

computer programme n. - program de computer

computer programmer n. - programator

computer saboteur n. - sabotor

computer scanner n. - dispozitiv de trecere a imaginilor n format digital, scaner

Computer Science n. - Informatic (ca tiin)

computer screen n. - ecranul monitorului

computer tampering n. - efectuarea unei schimbri neautorizate n sistemul unui computer

CPU (Central Processing Unit) n. - unitatea central de procesare a calculatorului

crack a supposedly secure system v. - a sparge un sistem (electronic) (presupus a fi) securizat

crash n. - blocare a unui program

cripple a computer v. - a scoate din uz, a paraliza un computer

cursor n. - cursor

cyber caf/pub n. - Internet cafe

Ddata base n. - baz de date

data base administrator n. - administratorul bazei de date (funcie organizatoric de monitorizare/ntreinere zilnic a bazei de date)

decryption of data n. - decodificare, decriptare de date

delete data v. - a terge date

deletion of data n. - tergere de date

desktop n.

- desktop, partea vizibil a unui sistem de operare pentru iconie

dialog box n. - caset de dialog

digitalisation n. - convertirea unor imagini, grafice sau alte date, la forma digital pentru a putea fi procesate de computer

directory n. - director

disc space n. - spaiu al unui disc

distance learning n. - nvmnt la distan

double-click n. - dubl apsare a unui buton de mouse

download v. - a transfera/descrca un fiier de pe un alt calculator sau de pe un site Internetdrag-and-drop v. - a selecta un obiect i a-l muta cu cursorul la locul dorit

DTP (Desk-Top Publishing) n. - programe speciale care permit importul i lucrul cu texte i grafice provenind de la alte programe

DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) n. - DVD, disc video digital

E edit v. - a modifica date existente (un text sau imagine)

electronic break-in n. - spargere electronic (n banca de date stocat electronic)

electronic communications n. pl. - sistem de comunicaii electronic

electronic delivery system n. - sistem de expediere electronic

electronic dictionary n. - dicionar electronic

electronic magazine n. - revist care apare sub form electronic i este distribuit cu ajutorul Internetului

electronic mail n. - pota electronic

electronic message n. - mesaj electronic

electronic office n. - birou dotat cu echipament electronic

electronic point of sale n. - dispozitiv de decodare a codului de bare (de pe produse)

electronic procurement n. - proces complet de achiziionare de bunuri cu ajutorul Internetului

electronic publishing n. - publicarea unor articole/lucrri sub form electronic

electronic shopping n. - cumprare de bunuri i servicii prin intermediul Internetului

electronic signature n. - cod de identificare a coninutului unui mesaj i a expeditorului acestuia

electronic smart health card n. - fia medical electronic

electronic trading n. - comer electronic

electronic transfer of funds n. - sistem bancar de transfer al banilor prin intermediul computerului

electronic virus n. - virus electronic

electronic worm n. - vierme electronic (care transport virui sau date)

e-money n. - schimb valutar efectuat prin intermediul Internetului

encryption of data n. - codificare de date

erase information v. - a terge informaiile (de pe un computer)e-ticket n. - bilet/rezervare (mai ales de bilet de avion) cu ajutorul Internetului sau telefonului

extract a file v. - a extrage, a dezarhiva un fiierF file n. - fiier

floppy disc n. - dischet/unitate floppy

folder n. - director, dosar (n sistemul de operare) care conine mai multe fiiere

fonts n. pl. - set de caractere (reprezentarea grafic)

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) n. - metod de trimitere a unor fiiere prin intermediul Internetului

G golden master n. - aplicaie complet finalizat care poate fi copiat i distribuit la utilizatori

H hacker n. - pirat informatic

hacking n. - accesare ilicit n sistemul computerului

hard disc n. - unitate hard (suport fizic de stocare a datelor)

hardware n. - echipament, partea fizic a computerului

high-tech adj. - care folosete tehnologie avansat/de vrf; modern

host-server n. - server care gzduiete un site

HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) n. - limbaj cu marcatori n care se realizeaz paginile Web

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) n. - protocol de transfer, metod de transmitere a unui text sau a unei imagini prin Internet

hyperlink n. - hiper-legtur, cuvnt/cod de legtur care permite saltul de la o pagin Web la alta sau de la un element la altul n interiorul aceleiai pagini

hypermedia n. - hipermedia, sistem hipertext multimedia (varianta modern a hipertextului care faciliteaz legtura elementelor grafice, audio, video, text)

hypertext n. - hipertext, sistem de stocare a datelor (sub form de imagine, text, sunet, etc.) care permite directa combinare a acestora cu date corespondente

I icon n. - iconi, imagine reprezentativ/ simbolic pentru obiectul pe care l reprezint

implant a virus v. - a introduce un virus

infected computer n. - computer virusat

infected floppy disc n. - dischet infectat/virusat

infiltrate a computer system v. - a se infiltra/ptrunde n sistemul unui computer

information highway n. - autostrad informaional

installation kit n. - kit/pachet de instalare

installation programme n. - program de instalare

interface n. - interfa, ecranul unui computer

Internet (The) n. - (mediul) Internet, denumire dat sistemului global de computere interconectate n reea

Internet access n. - acces la Internet

Internet site n. - site Internet, locul unde se gsesc i se pot accesa toate informaiile pe care o instituie dorete s le fac publice prin intermediul Web-ului

irreversible damage n. - avarie grav, ireparabil

IT career n. - carier n domeniul informatic

IT department n. - departamentul informatic al unei organizaii

IT industry n. - industria informatic

IT practice n. - practic informatic

IT professional n. - expert, profesionist n domeniul informaticii

IT skills n. pl. - abiliti/deprinderi de informatic

IT worker n. - informatician

K

key n. - tast

keyboard n. - tastatur

L learning technology n. - tehnologia nvrii

light pen n. - creion optic

M maximise v. - a mri o fereastr de pe ecranul unui computer

menu n. - meniu, grupaj de opiuni, de obicei aflat sub titlul de bare (File, Edit, View, etc.)

menu item n. - item, opiune pe afiajul de meniu

message queue n. - coad de comenzi (folosirea claviaturii, a mouse-ului, etc.) care urmeaz s fie procesate n ordinea intrrii lor

minimise v. - a micora o fereastr de pe ecranul unui computer

modem (Modulator-DEModulator) n. - modem (dispozitiv de conectare a dou computere cu ajutorul unei linii telefonice)

monitor n. - monitor

mouse n. - mouse, dispozitiv de intrare ce transmite micri sau apsri de butoane executate de utilizator spre calculator

N network n. - reea

normalise v. - a descompune structuri de date complexe n structuri naturale

O obtain a password unlawfully v. - a obine o parol ilegal

OCR (Optical Character Recognition) n. - soft de recunoatere a textului din imagini

office automation n. - (birou dotat cu un sistem de) periferice multifuncionale: fax, printer, scaner, copiator; biroticoff-line adj. - deconectat

OLAP (On Line Analytical Processing) n. - program care permite oamenilor de afaceri s acceseze i analizeze informaii provenite din surse Internet

online adj. - conectat

online learning n. - nvare cu ajutorul Internetului

online shopping n. - achiziionarea unor bunuri pe cale electronic, prin intermediul computerului

operating system n. - sistem de operare

overwrite a file v. - nlocuirea unui fiier cu altul avnd acelai nume

ownership n. - deinerea unor resurse de ctre un utilizator

P parent n. - obiect care deine unul sau mai mulifii

password n. - parol de acces

PC (personal computer) n. - computer/calculator personal

PC training n. - instructaj de folosire a computerului personal

peripherals n. pl. - periferice

pictogram/pictograph n. - pictogram, imagine stilizat care se raporteaz la un obiect real

pirated/unlicensed software n. - program piratat, copiat far autorizaie

print v. - a tipri

printer queue n. - documente consecutive ce urmeaz s fie listate

processing speed n. - vitez de procesare

programming language n. - limbaj de programare

protocol n. - protocol (set de reguli tehnice despre cum informaia trebuie transmis i receptat) R RAM (Random Access Memory) n. - memorie cu acces aleator

reboot v. - a reporni sistemul calculatorului

recycle bin n. - iconi pe desktop care reprezint locul de depozitare a fiierelor nainte de tergerea final din calculator (co de gunoi)

replicate v. - a se reproduce (un virus)

retrieval n. - recuperare a datelor stocate

retrieve v. - a recupera datele stocate

S scanning n. - scanare, captarea unei imagini i conversia ei n format digital

screen resolution n. - rezoluia ecranului

search engine n. - motor de cutare

server n. - server, computer dintr-o reea care ofer servicii altor computere

software n. - programe i aplicaii pentru computere, partea logic a unui computer

software package n. - pachet de programe

speakers n.pl. - amplificatoare de sunet, boxe

speech/voice recognition n. - capacitatea sistemului de a recepta mesajul vorbit de utilizator i transformarea lui n text

spreadsheet n. - foaie electronic de calcul tabelar

state-of-the-art n. - nivel de vrf al tehnologiei/tiinei

store v. - a stoca (date)

surf the web v. - a naviga pe reeaua Web

system failure n. - incapacitatea unui computer de a mai funciona (din motive de soft)

T task bar n. - bar de stare (bar n partea de jos a ecranului ce conine butoane, iconie, ceas, etc)

tap into a computer v. - a intercepta mesajele trimise n reea de computere

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) n. - protocol nivel patru de susinere a transmisiunii Internet i altor reele private, sistem de servicii de transfer garantate

template n. - ablon, formatare standard

terminal n. - terminal, dispozitiv conectat la un computer

titlebar n. - bar de titlu aflat n partea de sus a fiecrei ferestre care conine numele/titlul ferestrei i simbolurile de minimizare, maximizare i X de nchidere

toolbox n. - bar ce conine acceleratori spre comenzi din meniuri

touch screen n. - ecran tactil

U UDP (User Datagram Protocol) n. - protocol pentru reea

update a programme v. - a actualiza un program

updated backup system n. - sistem de rezerv adus la zi

URL (Universal Resource Locator) n. - adres de Internet, de identificare a unui fiier pe Internet ('http://www.rrc.mb.ca')

V virus checking software n. - program de depistare a viruilor

virus-free adj. - nevirusat

W web-enabled business tools - instrumente de lucru din mediul de afaceri care folosesc sursa Internet

Web page n. - pagin web, fiier n care textul este marcat conform regulilor HTML

WEB/W3 (World Wide Web) n. - sistemul/reeaua web, unul din serviciile mediului Internet

window n. - fereastr

wireless adj. - fr fir, (e.g.) prin unde radio

word-processing n. - tehnoredactare

wordprocessor n. - aplicaie pentru tehnoredactareUNIT THREE

EMPLOYMENT

I. READING COMPREHENSION

1. Read the following text about finding a job these days:

In Land of the Jobless, the Extreme Approach

By Patricia R. OlsenYou revamped your rsum months ago, networked until you can't stand to look at a telephone and even hired a job coach. You still can't find a job. You're ready to wear a sandwich board to advertise yourself, or send a gimmick along with your rsum. Maybe even work for no pay.

You have company. In September, John Sawicki, 30, who has an M.B.A. and five years' experience as a product manager with Deutsche Bank in Manhattan, signed on with Novantech Solutions, a start-up in Palisades, N.Y., to work free. 'Normally someone my age, with my qualifications, would have to be crazy to do this,' he said.

With unemployment claims steady and companies still delaying hiring because of lower profits and the threat of war with Iraq, desperate times do not just call for desperate measures for job seekers like Mr. Sawicki. They shout for last resorts.

So when Mr. Sawicki, who lives in Brooklyn, learned that Novantech had openings albeit not the paying kind he did not hesitate. He had been attending graduate school part time while working at Deutsche Bank, but decided to finish his degree full time and try to find a more rewarding position in the technology field. Armed with an M.B.A. in finance and information systems, Mr. Sawicki had been job hunting since his graduation from Fordham University in August 2001.

Novantech's offer of a future salary when the company became profitable seemed attractive. Mr. Sawicki will be learning a new field and gaining marketable skills, and he could continue job hunting in case the company did not turn a profit. 'I'd have to be crazy not to take their offer,' he said.

Mr. Sawicki was interviewed on a park bench; the company does not have offices yet. But that is fine with him, as long as he can learn. He does a little bit of everything for the company marketing, recruiting, updating the Web site, for now, and eventually he hopes to manage projects. He works from his home three days a week while continuing to look for a paid position.

Sacrificing a salary might seem a little extreme, but at least it makes a good impression on a potential employer. Some job hunters, straining to stand out from the crowd, make the mistake of resorting to gimmicks that are more likely to rub hiring managers the wrong way. Christopher Jones, vice president for content development at HotJobs.com, tells the story of an applicant who sent a company a box of chocolates with his rsum. Another made a stab at humor, asking a food company in his cover letter whether it was 'hungry for a good worker.' Yet another put a bag of sand and a gold coin in his packet, promoting himself as 'buried treasure.'

'That's taking a metaphor a bit too far in the job hunt,' Mr. Jones said.

Well, that may not always be true. In creative fields like advertising or television, pushing the envelope is accepted, even admired. Robert Wilson, now a resident of Vermont, recalls his early days of job hunting, when he parlayed a hyped rsum, a messenger-delivered follow-up letter and a half-dozen phone calls to the producer of 'NBC Nightly News' into an audition, even though he had no on-camera experience.

'I heard that their consumer reporter was leaving, so I wrote and told them what that person had been doing wrong and what I'd do to improve the segment,' Mr. Wilson recalled. Alas, he did not get the job.

Stuart Simons is hoping his artistic talent will give him a leg up in his job search. He has his own commercial-photography, illustration and digital-imaging company and went back to school for an M.B.A. Now he wants to sit on the other side of the creative desk. In September, he responded to an ad for a marketing manager with Kiehl's, a Manhattan cosmetics company.

Mr. Simons, a resident of Pound Ridge, N.Y., designed a label with a message styled after an advertisement on one of the company's shampoos and applied it to one of their shampoo bottles. Then he designed a custom box for the bottle and used his rsum as packing material. On tissue paper covering the box, he wrote yet another message, about thinking inside and outside the box.

'The whole thing was pretty impressive,' he said, although he is still waiting to hear.

The proliferation of such gimmickry comes as no surprise to Gary Chaison, professor of industrial relations in the graduate school of management at Clark University in Worcester, Mass.

'In a job market with few layoffs, people have a sense that there's something they can do to find a job,' Mr. Chaison said. 'But now, almost everyone at least knows someone who's been laid off, so job seekers feel they have to take extreme measures to be noticed. It's especially sad for people who are highly specialized and aren't able to relocate.'

Sad or not, extreme measures can work if they are done right. Allison Hemming is president of the Hired Guns, a Manhattan temporary employment agency, and also the author of a book 'Work It!' about job hunting, due out in February from Simon & Schuster. She said unusual tactics can 'build buzz and get your name out there.'

But she warns that the technique can backfire. An employer like an ad agency might reward confidence and risk taking, she said, but a more conservative company might find it off-putting or just plain weird.

Mr. Sawicki recently heard from a recruiter. 'But the job is with a company that just announced more layoffs,' he said. 'So I'm hoping for the best and assuming the worst.'

(from The New York Times)

2.Choose the correct answer to the following questions:

1. Mr. Savicki decided to apply for a job with Novatech Solutions as:

a. he was a young graduate trying to find his first job.

b. he was lured by the attractive pay and fringe benefits.

c. he could not find a better position for the time being.

d. he was made redundant by his previous employer.

2. Mr. Savicki was pleased with the offer because:

a. they offered him a fully-equipped office room.

b. of the prospect of gaining experience in a new field.

c. of the prospect of a high salary.

d. he was not qualified for a different post.

3. At present, Mr. Savicki

a. is working at the companys headquarters.

b. is working as project manager.

c. has given up the search for a paid position.

d. has rejected another companys offer for a job.

4. According to Mr. Christopher Jones

a. companies delay hiring because of the threat of war with Iraq.

b. job hunters may find a job by resorting to gimmicks that make them stand out from the crowd.

c. a rather traditional approach is more appreciated by employers.

d. creative fields welcome innovative techniques used by job searchers.

5. According to Ms. Allison Hemming

a. job seekers resort to extreme measures as they are highly specialised and cant easily relocate.

b. unusual tactics can always do it for you.

c. one has to probe into the profile of the company they want to find a job with.

d. in the current job market conditions, almost everybody has been made redundant once in their lives.

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1. Read the following letter of application/covering letter:

2.

1.

3.

4.

Dear Sir,

5.

I wish to apply for the position of Business Development Manager, as advertised in the Economist on 27th March, 2003.

6.

I have over twelve years experience in business development, management, sales and marketing, both domestic and international. I have been very successful in taking two companies into international markets and oversaw Bollinger Incorporateds international growth in the European Union. In addition to developing exports to over 15 different countries, I was instrumental in maintaining and developing major domestic accounts. As one of the three vice-presidents of Bollinger, I was acting general manager in charge of the day-to-day running of the company, as well as long-term strategic planning. I have an undergraduate degree in finance and information systems and I am highly skilled with computers. I have excellent verbal and written communication skills and enjoy public speaking.

7.

Currently, I am a partner in a small company which is going well and does not require my full attention. Therefore, I have been exploring the possibility of taking up a position which will utilise and challenge my considerable talents, abilities and drive. The position in your firm is exactly what I have been searching for.

8.

I have enclosed a copy of my CV for your perusal. I look forward to the opportunity to speak with you in person.

9.

Yours faithfully,

10.

Martin Smith

2. Identify the parts of the letter, matching them with their corresponding numbers. Not all the steps mentioned are to be found in this letter.

a) complimentary close

b) enclosing documents

c) offering candidature

d) polite ending

e) promoting the candidate

f) receivers address

g) referring to a job advertisement

h) salutationi) senders address

j) signature

k) stating availability

l) stating reasons for applying

m) stipulating terms and conditions of employment

n) date

3. Find as many expressions as possible that have to do with work. (occupations/positions, employment/unemployment, advantages/disadvantages, formal/informal, etc.) e. g.:

Occupations/positions

blue-collar/white collar worker

Managing Director

Welder

__________________________

_____________

_____________

_____________

Employment/unemployment

be called for an interview

have a permanent job_________________

_________________

_________________be made redundant

live on unemployment benefit

_________________

_________________

_________________

Formal/informal

to be fired

to be dismissed_______________

_______________to be given the push/sack

to work ones socks off

_______________

_______________

GLOSSARY

OF EMPLOYMENT TERMS

Aabsence without leave n. - absen nemotivat

absenteeism n. - absenteism, lips nejustificat de la serviciu

according to seniority adv. - n funcie de vechime

acumen n. - - ptrundere, discernmnt, perspicacitate, simul afacerilorallowance n. - indemnizaie, spor salarial, diurnapplicant n. - candidat pentru un post, solicitantapplication form n. - formular tip pentru angajare

application letter n. - scrisoare de intenie

application n. - cerere pentru angajare, scrisoare de candidaturapply v. - a face o cerere pentru obinerea unui postappoint v. - a numi, a nvesti ntr-o funcieappointee n. - persoan numit ntr-un post

appointment n. - numire, nvestire

appointments page n. - pagin de ziar cu oferte de serviciu

appraise (an employee) v. - a evalua (performana unui angajat)

apprentice n. - ucenic

approach n. - abordare, metod de lucru

arbitration n. - arbitraj

assignment n. - sarcin de serviciu, nsrcinare

authority n. - autoritate, putere; expert, autoritate n domeniu; mputernicire; autoriti (guvernamentale sau locale)

availability (for a job) n. - disponibilitate (pentru un post)

B B.A. (Bachelor of Arts) n. - liceniat n tiine umaniste

B.Sc. (Bachelor of Sciences) n. - liceniat n tiine exacte

bank holiday (U.K.) n. - srbtoare legal

be on the dole v. - a tri din ajutor de omaj

benefit n. - alocaie, ajutor; pl. avantaje oferite de un anumit loc de munc

blue-collar n. - muncitor, lucrtor manual

bureaucracy n. - birocraie

Ccall off a strike v. - a anula o grev

candidate n. - candidat

candidature n. - candidatur

career n. - carier

cash compensation n. - retribuie bneasc

chairman n. - preedintele consiliului de administraie

civil servant n. - funcionar public

civil service n. - administraia public, consiliul local

claim n. - revendicare

code of conduct n. - cod de conduit

collaboration n. - colaborare, conlucrare, munc n comun

colleague n. - coleg, confrate

collective bargaining n. - negocierea contractului colectiv de munc

collective labour agreement n. - contract colectiv de munc

commitment n. - - angajament, promisiune

conditions of employment n. pl. - condiii (care trebuie ndeplinite) la angajare - contract of employment n. - contract de munc

curriculum vitae (CV) n. - autobiografie, curriculum vitae

cut the payroll v. - a reduce efectivele, a concedia

D deduct from wages v. - a reine din salariu

degree n. - - diplom universitar, titlu academic

delegate v. - a delega o sarcin

demote v. - a retrograda, a demite

dismissal n. - - concediere

disability n. - incapacitate de munc, ajutor financiar (acordat n caz de incapacitate de munc)

disciplinary procedures n. - msuri disciplinare

discipline n. - disciplin

dismiss v. - a concedia

dismissal n. - concediere

dispute n. - disput, nenelegere, conflictdividend n. - dividend

division of labour n. - diviziunea muncii

discrimination n. - discriminare

E early retirement n. - pensionare anticipat/ timpurie

earnings n. pl. - ctig, beneficiu, profit, venit

education n. - educaie, coli absolvite

employ n. - - serviciu, slujb

employ v. - a angaja, a ncadra n munc

employee n. - angajat, salariat

employer n. - - patron, firm angajatoare

employers association n. - asociaia angajatorilor, patronat

employment agency n. - birou de plasare a forei de munc

employment n. - - angajare; ocupaie, serviciu

employment tribunal n. - tribunal pentru judecarea cazurilor de dreptul muncii

engage v. - - a angaja, a acorda un loc de munc

equal opportunities policy/ employment n. - - anse egale la angajare; politica de promovare a anselor egale la angajare

equal opportunity n. - anse egale la angajare

escalator clause n. - clauz de indexare

executive n. - director executiv, conducerea unei organizaii

experience n. - - experien

expertise n. - expertiz, know-how

F fill a vacancy v. - a ocupa un loc de munc/post

fire v. - - a concedia (din motive disciplinare)

flexitime n. - orar flexibil

foreign language proficiency n. - cunotine de limb strin

foreman n. - maistru, ef de echip

fringe benefits n. - beneficii suplimentare, avantaje oferite de un anumit loc de munc

full employment n. - lipsa omajului ntr-o ar

G go on strike v. - - a intra n grev

graduate n. - - absolvent al unui curs de specializare, al unei instituii de nvmnt

graduate (from) v. - a absolvi un curs, o instituie de nvmnt

graduation n. - absolvire, ncheiere a studiilor

grievance n - nemulumire, resentiment; revendicri ale salariailor

gross salary/ wage n. - - salar/venit brut

H half-time job n. - post cu jumtate de norm

have a day off v. - a avea o zi liber

headhunt v. - a vna capete, a cuta specialiti pentru angajare

healthcare n. - ngrijire medical

hierarchical levels n. pl. - niveluri ierarhice (ntr-o firm)

high-flyer n. - carierist

hire v. - - a angaja, a ncadra n munc

holiday with pay n. - concediu pltit

honorarium n. - onorariu

- I impartiality n. - imparialitate, neprtinire, obiectivitate

incapacitation for work n. - incapacitate de lucru

incentive n. - stimulent, prim de ncurajare

income n. - venit, beneficiu, profit

induction n. - - instructaj (la angajare), introducere in viaa firmei

industrial action n. - grev, conflict de munc

industrial injury n. - accident de munc

industrial relations n. pl. - relaiile dintre patronat si sindicate

interview n. - - - interviu

interviewee n. - - intervievat

interviewer n. - - persoan care conduce un interviu

invalidity n. - invaliditate, incapacitate de munc

J job advertisement n. - ofert de serviciu

job analysis n. - evaluarea postului

job application n. - cerere de angajare

job content n. - descrierea sarcinilor de serviciu

job description n. - - fia postului

job hunter n. - persoan aflat n ctarea unui loc de munc

job n. - loc de munc, meserie, profesie, slujb

job satisfaction n. - satisfacia la locul de munc

jobless adj. - omer, fr serviciu/loc de munc

joblessness n. - omaj

judgement n. - judecat, discernmnt

junior n. - subaltern, debutant, nceptor, angajat far vechime

L labour claims n. - revendicri ale salariailor/muncitorilor

labour costs n. - cheltuieli cu fora de munc

labour court n. - tribunal pentru judecarea cazurilor de dreptul munciilabour market - piaa forei de munc

labour n. - mna de lucru, for de munc, clasa muncitoare; activitate productiv

labour shortage n. - insuficiena/lipsa forei de munc

labour turnover n. - rotaia cadrelor/angajailor ntr-o firm

labour union n. - sindicat

lay off v. - a disponibiliza

lay-off n. - disponibilizare, omaj tehnic

leadership n. - conducere, capacitatea de a conduce, cadrele de conducere

leave n. - concediu

legal holiday n. - srbtoare legal

legislation n. - legislaie

liaison n. - legtur, cooperare

liaise v. - a coopera, a conlucra

lifetime employment n. - angajare pe via

literacy n. - cunotine de specialitate ntr-un domeniu

literate n. - - specialist ntr-un domeniu

M M.Sc. n. - Masterat n tiine exacte

M.A. n. - Masterat in tiine umaniste

make redundant v. - a disponibiliza

manpower n. - - for de munc

mass dismissal n. - disponibilizare masiv/ n mas

maternity leave n. - concediu de maternitate

maximum wage n. - salar maxim (pe economie)

MBA (Master of Business Administration) n. - Masterat in administrarea afacerilor

minimum guaranteed wage n. - salariu minim garantat

misconduct n. - act de indisciplin, neprofesionalism, incompeten

mobility n. - mobilitate

motivating factor n. - factor motivaional

motivation n. - - motivaie, motiv

N negotiations n. pl. - negocieri

net salary / wage n. - salar/venit net

night shift n. - schimb de noapte

night work bonus n. - spor de noapte

nomination n. - numire n funcie, nvestire

non-contribution pension scheme n. - sistem de angajare conform cruia contribuiile la fondul de pensii sunt pltite de patron

notice of dismissal n. - - preaviz de concediere

O occupation n. - ocupaie, loc de munc, slujb

occupational disease n. - - boal profesional (dobndit n urma funcionrii ntr-un anumit post)

occupational hazards n. pl. - - riscuri profesionale

odd job n. - munc ocazional

office n. - funcie, post de rspundere; funcie oficial (preedinte, primar etc.)

official strike n. - grev autorizat

old age pension n. - pensie de btrnee

opening n. - post liber

opportunity n. - - ocazie favorabil, ans, oportunitate

organisational structure n. - structur organizatoric

overtime n. - ore suplimentare

P

paid leave n. - concediu pltit

pay day n. - zi de salariu

pay differentials n. pl. - categorii de salarizare difereniate (n funcie de gradul de periculozitate, de calificare, etc.)

pay n. - plat

pay rise n. - cretere salarial

pay scale n. - categorie de salarizare

payment n. - plat, drepturi bneti

payroll n. - stat de plat

payroll tax n. - impozit pe salarii

pension fund n. - fond de pensii

pension n. - - pensie

performance n. - performan, realizare profesional

perks (col. for perquisite) n. - prim de ncurajare

personal allowance n. - salariu brut

Personnel department n. - - Departamentul personal

personnel n. - - personal, angajai

Ph.D. n. - - titlul de doctor

picketing n. - pichetare

piece work n. - munc n acord global, cu bucata

position n. - slujb, serviciu, funcie, rang

post graduate n. - absolvent de liceu/facultate care urmeaz cusrsuri postliceale/ postuniversitare

post n. - loc de munc, post, funcie

praise n. - laud, consideraie, apreciere

pressure group n. - grup de presiune/interes

probation n. - perioad de stagiu

probationer n. - stagiar, angajat de prob

productivity n. - productivitate

professional n. - profesionist

promoted adj. - promovat, avansat (n funcie)

promotion by seniority n. - promovare n funcie de vechimea n munc

promotion n. - - avansare, promovare

Q qualification n. - competen, calificare, atestat, diplom, studii

R rapport n. - relaie, raport interuman

recognition n. - recunoatere, apreciere

record n. - experien, reputaie

recruit v. - a recruta personal, a angaja

recruitment n. - recrutare, angajare

red-tape n. - birocraie

reduce staff v. - a reduce personalul (ntr-o firm)

redundancy n. - excedent de personal, disponibilizare de personal

redundant adj. - disponibilizat/

referee n. - persoan care d o referin/recomandare

reference n. - referin, recomandare

regulations n. pl. - reglementri, prescripii

relegate v. - a retrograda

relocation allowance n. - prim pentru schimbarea domiciliului

remunerate v. - a remunera, a plti

remuneration n. - remuneraie

requirement n. - cerin, necesitate, solicitare

resign v. - a-i da demisia

resignation n. - demisie

responsibility n. - responsabilitate, sarcin de serviciu

restructuring n. - restructurare, reorganizare

resum (USA) n. - CV, autobiografie

resume work v. - a rencepe lucrul

retire on a pension v. - - a se pensiona, a iei la pensie

retirement n. - - pensionare, ieire la pensie

reward n. - recompens, rsplat

right to social insurance benefits n. - dreptul la asigurare social

routine n. rutinS sack (slang) v. - - a da afar

salaried worker n. - angajat fix, n regie

salary n. - salariu (fix, n regie), remuneraie

screen applications v. - a selecta/tria cererile pentru ocuparea unui loc de munc

selection n. - selecie, selecionare

self-esteem n. - respect de sine

seniority n. - vechime n munc

seniority pay n. - salarizare n funcie de vechimea n munc

severance pay n. - compensaie bneasc oferit n situaia pierderii locului de munc; salariu compensatoriu

shift n. - schimb, tur

shop-floor n. - atelier de lucru, sector de producie, muncitorii dintr-o fabric

shop-steward (union representative) n. - delegat sindical

shortlist n. - - lista preferenial a celor ce solicit o slujb

sick leave n. - concediu de boal

sickness benefit n. - ajutor de boal

skill n. - aptitudine, ndemnare, competen, dexteritate

skilled worker n. - muncitor calificat

specialist n. - specialist, expert

stability n. - stabilitate, consecven

staff n. - - personal, angajai

staff turnover n. - rotaia cadrelor

status n. - condiie, poziie, rang, statut (social/juridic), stare (civil)

streamline v. - a raionaliza

stress n. - presiune, tensiune nervoas

strike breaker n. - sprgtor de grev

strike n. - grev

strike notice n. - preaviz de grev

striker n. - grevist

subscription n. - contribuie lunar, abonament

supervision n. - supraveghere, supervizare

supervisor n. - supraveghetor, ef de lucrri, maistru

surveillance n. - supraveghere, control, inspecie

T take on workers v. - - a face angajri

talks n. pl. - tratative, negocieri

team n. - echip, colectiv

team work n. - munc n echip

temp (colloquial) n. - - angajat temporar

tender ones resignation v. - a-i nainta demisia

tenure n. - perioad de ocupare a unui loc de munc, titulatur, definitivare (n nvmnt)

term of notice n. - preaviz

token strike n. - grev de avertisment

trade magazine n. - revist de specialitate (ntr-un anumit domeniu: electronic, auto, etc.)

trade n. - meserie, munc calificat

trade union n. - sindicat

trained adj. - calificat, instruit

trainee n. - stagiar, ucenic

training n. - perfecionare, instruire

travelling allowance n. - - indemnizaie de deplasare

trial period n. - perioad de prob pentru noii angajai

trouble-shooter n. - expert n rezolvarea conflictelor, impasurilor ivite ntr-o afacere sau negociere internaional; depanator

U

underemployment n. - subnormare

unemployment benefit n. - ajutor de omaj

unemployment n. - Somaj, rata omajului

unfair dismissal n. - - concediere nejustificat/ nemotivat

unfit for work adj. - inapt pentru munc

union leader n. - lider sindical

unofficial strike n. - grev neautorizat

unskilled adj. - necalificat

unskilled labour n. - munc necalificat

V

vacancy n. - post neocupat, loc de munc vacant

vet v. - a examina un candidat n amnunime/ detaliu

vocational adj. - profesional, de meserie

vocational training n. - formare profesional

volunteer n. - voluntar

W wage claims n. pl. - revendicri salariale

wage-earner n. - persoan care aduce banii n cas; angajat cu plata cu ora/ziua/sptmna

wages n. pl. - leaf

warning strike n. - grev de avertisment

welfare benefits n. pl. - ajutor social

welfare n. - bunstare

welfare state n. - stat de asisten social

white-collar n. - funcionar (de birou)

wildcat strike n. - grev spontan

withhold from wages v. - a reine din salariu

work n. - activitate productiv; loc de munc

work permit n. - permis de lucru

work v. - a munci, a lucra

worker n. - muncitor

work-force n. - for de munc

working conditions n. - - condiii de lucru

work experience n. - experien profesional

working hours n. pl. - - program de lucru

workload n. - norm

work-to-rule n. - grev de zel

UNIT FOUR

COMPANY STRUCTUREI. READING COMPREHENSION1. Read the text below about Henry Ford:

HENRY FORD TIMELINE1863Born near Detroit, Michigan.1884Attends business school for three months.1896Chief engineer at Edison electric factory in Detroit. Drives first vehicle out of garden shed.1901Ford drives to victory in Grosse Point car races.1903Founds Ford Motor Co.1905Model A Fordsmobile produced.1908The first Model T rolls off the production line.1914Ford introduces wages for unskilled workers at a minimum of $5.1918The River Rouge plant built.1919Fords son, Edsel, becomes president of the company.1924Ten million Model Ts total reached.1928Brings out second Model A.1945Hands over power to his grandson Henry II.1947 Dies aged 84.

Henry Ford was part engineer, part inventor, and part entrepreneur. His Ford Motor Company used mass production and assembly line methods on a scale never seen before, and with so much commercial success that his name became inextricably linked with them. 0..

Ford showed an early interest in mechanics and engineering. 1.

Leaving school at 16, Ford went to work as an engineer for James Flower & Co in Detroit, and shortly afterwards moved to the Dry Dock Engine Works. By 1896, he was chief engineer at the Edison electric factory in Detroit.

Ford continued to tinker with engineering projects at home. His first prototype automobile was the Quadricycle, built in his garden shed in 1896; he quickly became convinced of the vehicles commercial potential. 2.The victory attracted financiers and, after a couple of false starts, by 1903 the Ford Motor Company was up and running. On the way Ford broke the world land speed record for a four-cylinder automobile, driving a mile over the frozen Lake Sinclair in 39 and one-fifth seconds, seven seconds faster than the existing record.

Fords first commercial automobile was the Model A, in 1905. It was solidly built and was priced to undercut its rivals - sales reached 600 a month after just a year. 3

At that time, Fords factory at Highland Park, Michigan, was the biggest in the world. Over 14,000 people worked on the 57-acre site. 4

In 1919 Henry Ford resigned as the companys president, letting his son, Edsel, take over. By then the Ford company was making a car a minute. In 1923 annual sales peaked at 2,120,898. 5.By 1924 Ford had sold ten million Model T Fordsthe car famously available in a choice of colours so long as it was black.

After handing over to his son, Ford spent more time pursuing his socially idealistic interests. 6. Although a pacifist, Ford was drawn into war manufacturing after Pearl Harbor, when the Willow Plant was built to produce B-24 bombers. This gigantic production works with its mile-flong assembly line produced one plane every hour, with a total of 86,865 aircraft between May 1942 and the end of the war. In 1943 Ford returned as CEO after Edsel died, finally handing power to his grandson Henry II in 1945. Ford died at the age of 84 on 7 April 1947.

(from The Economist)2. Choose the best sentence from below to fill each of the gaps in the text above. E.g. 0 C. Do not use any letter more than once. There is one extra sentence.

A. He was quick to establish international operations as well. Fords first overseas sales branch was opened in France in 1908 and, in 1911, Ford began making cars in the United Kingdom.

B. He delighted in dismantling and reassembling his friends watches, and while still a schoolboy built an engine from junk. He was always looking for ways to improve things: Even when I was very young I suspected that much might somehow be done in a better way.

C.American industry was revolutionised in the wake of Fords methods, and the nature of manufacturing irrevocably changed.

D. At first he had difficulty in finding investors to back him, but the turning point came when Ford built a car for the 1901 Grosse Point automobile races. Although inexperienced, he drove the car himself and won emphatically; and repeated the feat the following year.

E. He built an experimental rural idyll, a model US village, named Greenfield Village. He also launched the Peace Ship in an attempt to end the first world war and hobnobbed with other magnates and entrepreneurs.

F. Model Ts, as everyone knows, were black, straightforward, and affordable.

G.In 1907, Ford professed that his aim was to build a motor car for the great multitude and his Model T was born the following year.

H. At the time, Fords market share was in excess of 57 percent.

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1. Read the text below about Henry Ford. In most of the lines 1-15 there is one extra word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the meaning of the text. Some lines, however, are correct. If a line is correct, write CORRECT against the corresponding number; if there is an extra word in the line, write the extra word in CAPITAL LETTERS against the corresponding number on your answer sheet. E.g. 0 ONE 00 - CORRECT

0

00

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15Henry Ford is frequently cited as one of the most important and one influential businessman of the 20th century. Although Ford didnt invent the motor caror mass productionhe was responsible for turning the car into a mass-market commodity. The pre-Ford car was a toy for the wealthyunreliable, poorly engineered, an impractical and above all expensive. Ford changed all that, starting an industrial revolution founded on his Model T. It was a revolution that made Ford $1 billion dollars double richer and made travel a reality for millions.

General Motors chief Alfred Sloan commented, Mr Fords assembly line

automobile and production, high minimum wage, and low-priced car were revolutionary and stand among the greatest contributions to our industrial culture.

To the extent that the adoption of mass production for the Model T was customer-driven, Ford might be said to have some connection with modern management thinking. In general, however, he was the antithesis of a management thinker, an autocrat who did not believe in the delegation and tended to treat management as if it too was rather on an assembly line.

This coercive style grated among the workforce. To sweeten them, Ford introduced profit sharing and an extensive welfare programme. However, he stopped short of allowing the workers to form a union. When Roosevelt had introduced the Wagner Act of 1935, allowing the unionisation of the motor companies, Ford almost resisted the legislation bitterly, refusing to let unions operate at Ford plants. It was only after the adverse publicityin May 1937, several United Auto Workers officials were badly beaten, allegedly by Ford employeesthat Ford was forced to back down and permit union organisation at the company.

(from The Economist)

2. Types of business

The following table shows the forms of ownership in the two sectors:

Private sectorPublic sector

________ ________1.Partnerships _______ _______ ______ 2. (Ltd) _______ _______ ______ 3. (PLC)Co-operatives FranchisesPublic corporations________ ________ 4.

Examples of _________ __________ 5. are sole traders and partnerships. These forms of ownership are known as unincorporated as they have:

no separate ________ ________ 6., i.e. that the owner makes contracts on behalf of the business and it is the owner, not the business, that is liable for all debts of the business. ________ ________ 7. for the business debts.

on the plus side, few formalities, when it comes to setting up the business. The fact that there are few formalities required to start a business makes this option very attractive to many ______ _______ 8., which is all right if the _______ _______ 9. has been constantly thought through, but very risky for those who have not taken time to consider all the ______ ______ 10. involved.

(Learn.co.uk from the Guardian - Home Business Magazine online)

3.Read the text below about advantages and disadvantages of sole traders and partnerships:

A. Sole traders, sometimes known as sole ___________ 1., are the most common form of ownership in the private sector of the UK economy. Sole traders can be found in the economic activity areas of ___________ 2., retail and services. Some sole traders choose to work alone whereas others, may employ people. The overriding reason for going into business is to make a ___________ 3. However, many people stay ___________ 4. even though they realise that they will never earn the wealth of the likes of Sir Richard Branson and other well-known modern __________ 5. Besides the above practical and personal reasons, many people find that 'being their own boss' gives them a great deal of personal _____________ 6. which cannot be found working for someone else as an employee.

Advantages of being a sole trader:

Need a small __________ 7. of capital to start up Can begin business easily

Keep all the profit

Can make decisions quickly

Is in charge

Disadvantages of being a sole trader:

Because the ___________ 8. capital is minimal there are limited opportunities for expansion. Because the sole trader usually operates on a small scale, the business is often not as ___________ 9. as larger firms in the same market. The sole trader cannot provide economies of scale, eg specialist training, research and development _____________ 10.

The biggest ____________ 11. to sole traders is unlimited liability. This means that owners must pay all the debts of the business, ie the owner's personal ___________ 12. is always at risk.

____________ 13. cannot be shared. Also there may be a lack of innovative __________ 14. for expanding the business, as there is only one individual managing the business.

There are long hours and minimum ____________ 15., and lack of continuity should the owner be unable to carry on the business.

(Learn.co.uk from the Guardian - Home Business Magazine online)

B. Partnerships have virtually the same characteristics as those of sole traders. This form of business ____________ 1. is usually entered into by individuals who wish to take advantage of the combined capital, _____________ 2. skills and experience of two or more people. The aims of the partnership will be similar to that of the sole trader, namely: making a profit

achieving a stable working ____________ 3.

ensuring survival in the market place

expanding the business

Partnerships are allowed to have up to 20 partners, with two exceptions:

Banks that are not allowed more than 10 partners.

Professional firms, eg, ____________ 4. and solicitors who are allowed more than 20 partners. In fact Price Waterhouse Coopers have 9 000!

Advantages of having a partnership:

Easy and cheap to set up The __________ 5. base is greater than that of a sole trader

Costs are shared

Increased business prospects with greater experience (expertise)

___________ 6. responsibility for running the business, therefore partners have more time to devote to their particular area of _____________ 7.

Division of __________ 8. allows for specialisation

No need for __________ 9. audit. The only finances that have to be disclosed are those related to income tax and VAT (where applicable)

Risks and losses are shared

On a daily basis there is continuity as the partners can cover for each other when necessary

More people in the business provides a broader base from which to generate profitable ideas

Not having to publish full financial details means that there is a measure of __________ 10. for the partners

A partnership, unlike a limited company, cannot be taken over by another partnership

Disadvantages of having a partnership:

Unlimited liability Each partner is liable for the debts of the partnership even if not responsible for the debt

Lack of continuity in that if a partner dies, resigns or is declared ___________ 11. the partnership is automatically dissolved and will have to be reformed

Partners can individually make decisions in respect of the partnership which are ________ 12. on all the partners

The capital base is relatively small and this limits the ___________ 13. of future expansion

_____________ 14. between partners could cause difficulties in decision-making and even cause the break-up of the partnership

Profits have to be shared

There is a reduction in job satisfaction of being your own ___________ 15.

(Learn.co.uk from the Guardian - Home Business Magazine online)

4. Fill in the gaps in the texts above with the following words:

Text A.

a) competitive

b) start-up

c) facilities

d) self-employed

e) amount

f) manufacture

g) wealth

h) satisfactioni) responsibility

j) entrepreneurs

k) ideas

l) holidays

m) profit

n) proprietors

o) threat

Text B.

a) labour

b) extent

c) managerial

d) financial

e) privacy

f) expertise

g) disagreement

h) relationshipi) bankrupt

j) accountants

k) boss

l) shared

m) binding

n) environment

o) external

GLOSSARY

OF COMPANY STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATIONA Accounts Department n. - Serviciul economic / Secia contabilitate

accounts manager n. - director serviciu contabilitate

active partner n. - comanditat

Administration Department n. - Serviciul administrativ

administrator n. - administrator

Advertising Department n. - Departamentul de publicitate

advisory board n. - consiliu consultativ

affiliate n. - filial

amalgamation n. - fuziune

Annual General Meeting (AGM) n. - Adunarea General a Acionarilor (AGA)

annual report n. - raport anual al firmei asupra activitilor desfurate i a situaiei financiare

Articles of Association n. - Statutul societii

assembly line n. - linie de montaj

assets n. - active

asset-stripping n. - vnzarea fracionat a activelor unei companii neprofitabile

auditor n. - auditor, revizor contabil

authority - autoritate

B backer n. - susintor financiar

bankrupt n. - falimentar

bankruptcy n. - faliment

bearer share n. - aciune la purttor

board meeting n. - edin de consiliu

Board of Directors n. - Consiliul de administraie

bond n. - obligaiune

borrow v. - a lua cu mprumut

borrowed capital n. - capital mprumutat

boss n. (infml.) - ef, supraveghetor

branch n. - sucursal

bureaucracy n. - birocraie

business hours n. pl. - ore de serviciu

by-law n. - regulament de ordine internC C.E.O. (USA) n. - director executiv

capital n. - capital

cash capital n. - capital lichid, n numerar

casting vote n. - vot decisiv

centralisation n. - centralizare

chain of command n. - niveluri ierarhice, cale ierarhic de transmitere a ordinelor/sarcinilor

chairman n. - preedintele consiliului de administraie

chief accounting officer n. - ef contabil

collateral n. - garantie, gaj

company n. - companie, firm, societate

company secretary n. - secretar general

companys capital n. - capital social

conglomerate n. - conglomerat

contribution n. - aport, contribuie

co-ordinate v. - a coordona

corporate adj. - de firm, organizaional

corporate body n. - persoan juridic

corporation n. - corporatie, companieD debenture n. - obligaiune

debt n. - datorie

decentralisation n. - descentralizare

deed of incorporation n. - act de constituire

delegate authority v. - a delega o sarcin

delegation n. - delegare de sarcini

department n. - departament, secie

director n. - director

dividend n. dividendE enterprise n. - ntreprindere, firm, companie

entrepreneur n. - ntreprinztor, antreprenor

executive n. - director executiv, conducerea unei organizaii

F Finance Department n. - Serviciul financiar

financier n. - finanator, persoan care dispune de capital i l poate mprumuta sau oferi firmelor

firm n. - firm

fiscal year n. - an fiscal

foreman n. - maistru

franchise n. - franiz

free enterprise n. - liber iniiativ / ntreprindere

freehold n. - proprietate deplin

functional structure n. - structur funcional (mprirea unei firme n departamente, fiecare ndeplinind o funcie specific)

fund n. - fond

G gearing ratio n. - gradul de ndatorare al firmei

general partnership - societate n comandit simpl

H head office n. - sediu central/principal (al firmei)

headquarters n. pl. - sediu central

hierarchy n. - ierarhie

holding company n. - holding, concern, grup, conglomerat

I insurance company n. - Societate de Asigurare

issued capital n. - capital subscris

J joint-venture n. - societate mixt

L leadership style n. - stil de conducere

Legal Department n. - Serviciul contencios

legal entity n. - personalitate juridic

liabilities n. pl. - pasive, datorii

liability n. - rspundere, responsabilitate, angajament, obligaie

liable adj. - rspunztor, responsabil, pasibil de

limited liability n. - rspundere limitat

limited partnership n. - societate n comandit pe aciuni

location n. - amplasare

logistics n. pl. - logistic, tehnica conducerii i executrii operaiilor de producie; desfacere ntreinere i servicii

loss n. - pierdere, paguba

Ltd. (private limited company) n. - S.R.L., societate cu rspundere limitat

M management n. - conducere, administraie, gestiune

Managing Director/M.D. (UK) n. - director executiv

market share n. - cot de pia

Marketing Department n. - Departamentul comercial / de marketing

mass production n. - producie m mas / serie

meeting room n. - sal de edine

Memorandum of Association n. - Contract de societate

monopoly n. - monopol

N nationalised industries n. pl. - industrii naionalizate

NGO (Non-Governmental Organisation) n. - organizaie non-guvernamental

Non-Profit Corporation n. - firm non-profit

O object of the company n. - obiectul de activitate al companiei

organisation chart n. - organigram

organisational structure n. - structur organizaional

owner n. - proprietar

ownership n - proprietate, drept de proprietate

P partner n - partener, asociat

partnership agreement n. - contract de asociere

partnership limited by shares n - societate n comandit pe aciuni

partnership n. - parteneriat, asociere

Personnel Department n. - Serviciul personal

Plc. (public limited company) n. - S.A., societate pe aciuni

policy n. - politic, linie/plan de aciune, strategie

preference share n. - aciune privilegiat

premises n.pl. - incint, spaiu comercial

president (USA) n. - preedintele consiliului de administraie

primary sector n. - sectorul primar (industria extractiv, agricultura, pescuitul, etc.)

private sector n. - sectorul privat

privatisation n. - privatizare

Production Control Department n. - Departramentul de control al produciei

Production Department n. - Departamentul producie

profit n. - profit, beneficiu, ctig

project manager n. - director de proiect

proprietor n. - proprietar, posesor, deintor

Public Relations Department n. - Departamentul de relaii cu publicul

public sector n. - sectorul de stat

Public Utility Company n. - Regie Autonom

Purchasing Department n. - Departamentul aprovizionare

Q Quality Control Department n. - Departament de control al calitii

R records department n. - arhiv

Recruitment department n. - Departamentul de recrutare de personal

redeemable shares n. - aciuni rscumprabile

registered capital n. - capital nominal

registered office n. - sediul social al firmei

Research and Development Department n. - Sectorul cercetare-dezvoltare

reserve capital n. - capital n rezerve

restrictions n. - restricii, limite

retail n. - vnzare cu amnuntul, en detail

run v. - a conduce, a administra

S Sales Department n. - Departamentul vnzri

sales force n. - angajai responsabili cu vnzrile (reprezentani, inspectori)

sales manager n. - director de vnzri

Sales Promotion Department n. - Departamentul de promovare a vnzrilor

sales turnover n. - cifra de afaceri, ncasrile din vnzri

secondary sector n. - sectorul secundar (industria constructoare de maini, metalurgic etc)

security n. - garanie, gir

self-employed adj. - pe cont propriu, (a fi) propriul su patron

share n. - aciuni, pri sociale

shareholder n. - acionar

shareholding n. - deinere de aciuni/titluri de valoare

sleeping partner n. - comanditar

small and medium sized firms n. - ntreprinderi mici i mijlocii

sole-proprietor/trader n. - (similar) persoan fizic autorizat s desfoare o activitate economic, cu rspundere nelimitat, proprietar unic

span of control n. - sfer de autoritate

sponsorship n. - sponsorizare, finanare

staff n. - personal, angajai

standardisation n. - standardizare

state-owned adj. - (firm) de stat

stockholder n. - acionar ntr-o firm

structure n. - structur, organizare, alctuire

subcontractor n. - subcontractant, furnizor intermediar, subfurnizor

subordinate n. - subordonat, inferior ierarhic

subscription n. - subscriere

subsidiary (company) n. - filial, sucursal

superior n. - superior ierarhic

supervisor n. - supraveghetor, ef de lucrri, maistru

supplier n. - furnizor

T take-over bid n. - ofert public de cumprare

take-over n. - preluare a controlului unei companii

tertiary sector n. - sectorul teriar (serviciile)

Training Department n. - Departamentul de pregtire i perfecionare a personalului

unlimited liability n. - rspundere nelimitat

V venture capital n. - capital de risc

venture n. - ntreprindere riscant dar care ar putea genera profit

W wholesale n. - vnzare cu ridicata, en gros

winding-up n. - lichidare

UNIT FIVE

MANAGEMENT

I. READING COMPREHENSION1. Read the following text about leadership styles:

Leadership Styles

The role of leadership in management is largely determined by the organisational culture of the company. It has been argued that managers' beliefs, values and assumptions are of critical importance to the overall style of leadership that they adopt.

There are several different leadership styles that can be identified within each of the following Management techniques. Each technique has its own set of good and not-so-good characteristics, and each uses leadership in a different way. These styles are respectively, the Autocrat, the Laissez-Faire Manager and the Democrat.

The Autocrat. The autocratic leader dominates team-members, using unilateralism to achieve a singular objective. This approach to leadership generally results in passive resistance from team-members and requires continual pressure and direction from the leader in order to get things done. Generally, an authoritarian approach is not a good way to get the best performance from a team.

There are, however, some instances where an autocratic style of leadership may not be inappropriate. Some situations may call for urgent action, and in these cases an autocratic style of leadership may be best. In addition, most people are familiar with autocratic leadership and therefore have less trouble adopting that style. Furthermore, in some situations, sub-ordinates may actually prefer an autocratic style.

The Laissez-Faire Manager. The Laissez-Faire manager exercises little control over his group, leaving them to sort out their roles and tackle their work, without participating in this process himself. In general, this approach leaves the team floundering with little direction or motivation.

Again, there are situations where the Laissez-Faire approach can be effective. The Laissez-Faire technique is usually only appropriate when leading a team of highly motivated and skilled people, who have produced excellent work in the past. Once a leader has established that his team is confident, capable and motivated, it is often best to step back and let them get on with the task, since interfering can generate resentment and detract from their effectiveness. By handing over ownership, a leader can empower his group to achieve their goals.

The Democrat. The democratic leader makes decisions by consulting his team, whilst still maintaining control of the group. The democratic leader allows his team to decide how the task will be tackled and who will perform which task.

The democratic leader can be seen in two lights:

A good democratic leader encourages participation and delegates wisely, but never loses sight of the fact that he bears the crucial responsibility of leadership. He values group discussion and input from his team and can be seen as drawing from a pool of his team members' strong points in order to obtain the best performance from his team. He motivates his team by empowering them to direct themselves, and guides them with a loose reign.

However, the democrat can also be seen as being so unsure of himself and his relationship with his sub-ordinates that everything is a matter for group discussion and decision. Clearly, this type of 'leader' is not really leading at all.

(http://www.see.ed.ac.uk)

2.Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false, according to the text above:

1. The different styles of leadership are learnt in school.

T / F

2. Autocracy always results in a lot of resentment from the employees and thus they will not perform to their best.

T/F

3. Most people need direction in carrying out their tasks.

T/ F

4. The Laissez-Faire approach to leadership can be challenging for employees who want to fulfil their potential.

T/F

5. Employee participation is a key factor to the democratic leader.

T/F

6. The democratic leader is in fact quite unable to make decisions himself and for this reason he turns to constant group discussion and decision.

T/F

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE1. Fill in the gaps in the text below with the missing words:

The Bosses Who Drive Staff AwayMost people resign from their jobs not to get more money nor to improve their career prospects but because they are sick of their 1.. boss.

Personality 2 or general dissatisfaction with managers are the biggest reasons British companies have to spend billions of pounds a year replacing people they would rather keep.

Research by management lecturer Stephen Taylor and his students at Manchester Metropolitan University suggests that weak 3 pushes employees to leave - and the good ones leave first because they can find 4 jobs most easily.

Mr Taylor points the finger in particular at young, inexperienced 5 who have not been in their management jobs long enough to 6 from watching older and better managers at work. 'A lot is written about 7 managers, but more frequently the problem is just poor managers,' he said.

'It may be someone who is nice but ineffectual. They may fail to 8 issues or sweep things under the carpet, or they may be too focused on their own careers. We 9.. people to management positions without thinking about their management skills. They move up because they're good at their present job, not because they're good at managing other people.'

When employees go, said Mr Taylor - sometimes for a lower salary - they are very often leaving the manager, rather than the employing company. '10 and pay are almost an irrelevance,' he said.

'Pay is the easy bit when you're managing people. It's a doddle: you pay the market rate. The difficult bit is the area of 11 relationships.'

An employee leaving is reckoned to cost the company between 50 and 250pc of the annual salary, including the 12.. costs. But few organisations discover the real reasons for departure. In most cases, the company does not bother to ask and, in the rare cases when it does, most people do not say.

What they do say is the acceptable or 13. answer. They produce positive reasons for leaving - career advancement, a better salary - or neutral reasons, such as family 14...

'Stagnation - a feeling of not moving forward - plays a big part, but the biggest reasons that people leave are 15 and personality clashes with their managers,' said Mr Taylor.

(telegraph.co.uk)a) tackle

b) alternative

c) bullying

d) clashes

e) circumstances

f) rewards

g) difficulties

h) expectedi) benefit

j) immediate

k) supervisors

l) appoint

m) management

n) replacement

o) interpersonal

2. Read the text below about sick leave notes and use the words on the right, listed 1-12, to form a word that fits in the same numbered space in the text . E.g. 0 appointment.

GPS WASTE THEIR TIME WRITING OUT SICK NOTESBy Nicole MartinDoctors are wasting thousands of hours and millions of 0.. every year on unnecessary sick notes demanded by employers, says the Government.

John Hutton, health minister, will open a campaign to cut paper work today by focusing on the fact that family doctors waste 2.4 million appointments a year on such 1. bureaucracy.

A further 37,000 hours a year are lost booking the appointments and completing the necessary 2...

Research from the Cabinet Office shows that, although sick pay 3 do not require employees to obtain sick notes from GPs unless they have been off work for more than seven days, many employers demand them even for minor 4 such as colds and headaches.

Calling on bosses to 5GPs of such wasteful red tape, he said yesterday the time spent filling in these 6 forms could be better used to treat sick patients.

'GPs are busy people. The added 7. leads to longer waits for appointments and more 8.

'By shifting the 9 for managing sickness absenteeism from GPs to employers, we will free up NHS resources and better position employers to manage 10 effectively.'

More than a third of 1,000 workers questioned in a survey said their bosses expected them to get a sick note from their doctor when off work for seven days or less, said the Doctor Patient 11 P., the charity heading the new campaign.

Katja Klasson, head of employee 12.at the Confederation of British Industry, said: 'Employers should not expect doctors to write sick notes for employees who have been off for seven days or less.'

(Telegraph.co.uk)0. APPOINT

1. NEED

2. ADMINISTER

3. RULE

4. AIL

5. RELIEF

6. NECESSITY

7. WORK

8. BUREAU

9. RESPOND

10. ABSENT

11. PART

12. SOURCE

3. MANAGEProvide the correct form of the word manage in the gaps:

1.___________ has/have offered staff a 3% pay increase.

2. The restaurant went bankrupt after being hopelessly ____________ by a former rock musician with no business experience.

3. It's a co-operative, so the workers ____________ the business themselves.

4. Economic _____________ has plunged the country into recession.

5. If you have a complaint, could you speak to the______________ ?

6. Experience in the field, as well as _____________ skills are essential for this post. 7. There's a board of five directors, but she is the ____________ Director.8. A ______________ is a woman who controls or organizes esp. a shop or a restaurant.9. Government targets for increased productivity are described as 'tough but____________.'GLOSSARYOF MANAGEMENT TERMSA accountability n. - responsabilitate, responsabilizare

achieve recognition v. - a obine recunoatere (pentru munca bine fcut)

achievement motivational factor n. - factorul motivaional al reuitei

action-oriented adj. - activ, orientat spre aciune

activation n. - activare, stimulare, motivare

adaptive adj. - flexibil, uor adaptabil

administration of business n. - administrarea/ conducerea unei firme, unui sector, etc.

affirmative action n. - discriminare pozitiv (practici de anagajare prefereniale pentru minoriti i categorii sociale defavorizate)

all-out strike n. - grev general

allocate tasks v. - a aloca sarcini

allocation of costs n. - alocarea/repartizarea costurilor

allocation of functions n. - alocare de funcii

allocation of resources n. - alocare de resurse

allocation of responsibilities n. - repartizarea de responsabiliti

allowed time n. - timp alocat (pentru ndeplinirea unei sarcini de ctre un muncitor)

arbitration n. - arbitraj, mediere, conciliere

area manager n. - manager zonal/ regional

attributes n. pl. - caliti sau caracteristici (fizice/ mentale/ emoionale ale unui leader

authoritarian leadership n. - autoritarism, sistem de conducere/ management autoritar

autonomy n. - autonomie, autodeterminare

avoid undesirable situations v. - a evita situaii nedoriteB background n. - mediu de provenien; formaie (educaie, calificri, experien profesional)

ballot n. - vot secret

bargaining power n. - puterea de negociere (oferit de pozie, etc.)

basic pay n. - salariu de baz

behaviour pattern n. - model comportamental

benchmarking measures n. pl. - set de msuri de eficientizare prin raportarea la alte firme rivale

benchmarking n. - raportarea propriei firme la performanele altor firme rivale cotate ca fiind n fruntea clasamentului

benefits management n. - management prin beneficii (planificare, conducere, realizare i msurarea beneficiilor unui program/proiect)

brainstorming n. - tehnic de lucru n echip de generare de idei pentru un proiect, etc.; asaltul de idei; brainstorming

building n. - activitate de nnoire i susinere a organizaiei

business ethics n. pl. - etica afacerilor

business plan n. - plan de afaceri

C capacity n. - capacitate, putere de munc, productivitate

casting vote n. - vot decisiv

centralisation n. - centralizare

character n. - caracter

clash of values n. - conflict de valori

climate n. - climat (de munc)

code of ethics n. - cod deontologic

collegiality n. - colegialitate

communication skills n. pl. - deprinderi de comunicare

compromise n. - compromis, concesie, nelegere, nvoial

compromise v. - a face un compromis, a ajunge la un numitor comun

concession n. - concesie, cedare, compromis

conduct n. - conduit, comportament, comportare

conflict resolution n. - rezolvarea conflictelor

conflict n. - conflict, contrazicere, ciocnire, contradicie, nepotrivire, dezacord

conflict of interests n. - conflict de interese

constraint management n. - management prin constrngere, restricionare

constraint n. - constrngere, limitare, ngrdire

contingency allowance n. - toleran/marj pentru situaii neprevzute

contingency beyond ones control n. - cazuri de for major

contingency n. - situaie neprevzut

contingency plan n. - plan pentru situaii neprevzute

control n. - control, supraveghere

controlling interest n. - deinerea de aciuni majoritare (care d dreptul la determinarea politicilor firmei)

co-ordination n. - coordonare

core values n. pl. - valori fundamentale

corporate culture n. - cultur organizaional; valorile, obiceiurile i tradiiile proprii unei companii; atmosfera profesional ce caracterizeaz o firm

corporate governance n. - conducerea ntreprinderii

corporate image n. - imaginea firmei pe pia

corporate management n. - management organizaional

corrective action n. - aciune corectoare, de redresare

counselling n. - consiliere, sftuire

courtesy n. - curtoazie

CPM (Critical Path Method) n. - metoda drumului critic (tehnic de previziune n ceea ce privete durata realizrii unui proiect)

critical path analysis n. - metod de calcul/analiza drumului crtitic (n derularea unui proiect)

critical path n. - drum critic (succesiune optim a etapelor n derularea unui proiect)

cross-cultural management n. - management transfrontalierD deadlock n. - impas, situaie de criz

decentralisation n. - descentralizare

decision making process n. - proces decizional

decision making unit n. - grup decizional

decision matrix/table n. - matrice decizional

decision-maker n. - factor decizional, de decizie

decision-making meeting n. - edin n vederea adoptrii unor hotrri

decision-making n. - luare de decizii

decision model n. - model decizional

decision tree n. - arbore decizional

delegation n. - delegare (de sarcini)

delegative leadership n. - (stil de) conducere prin delegarea autoritii

department manager n. - ef de raion, secie, departament

dependency n. - interdependen logic a succesiunii etapelor unui proces

deputy manager n. - director adjunct

devotion n. - devotament

disciplinary procedure n. - procedur disciplinar

discipline n. - disciplin

discriminate (against) v. - a discrimina

discrimination n. - discriminare

division of work n. - diviziunea muncii

dogmatic adj. - dogmatic

duration compression n. - scurtarea duratei de execuie a unui proiect fr a schimba scopul acestuia

duration n. - durat, perioad de timp necesar pentru finalizarea unui proiect

E effective work n. - munc eficient

effectiveness n. - eficacitate

effort n. - efort depus pentru ndeplinirea unei sarcini, ndatoriri etc.

elapsed time n. - totalul de zile calendaristice lucrtoare necesare pentru finalizarea unei aciuni

employment agency n. - centru de plasare a forelor de munc

employment contract n. - contract de munc/angajare

empowerment n. - mputernicire, autorizare

end activity n. - activitate finalizat, fr o alt activitate subsecvent n succesiune logic

equal pay n. - remuneraie salarial egal (pentru sarcini de serviciu similare)

equitable adj. - echitabil

equity n. - echitate

ergonomics n. pl. - ergonomie, studiul condiiilor de munc n vederea realizrii unei adaptri optime a omului la aceasta

estimate n. - estimare, evaluare, apreciere, calcul

ethical climate n. - climat etic

ethical dilemma n. - dilem etic/ moral

ethical values n. pl. - valori etice/ morale

evaluation n. - evaluare

event n. - faz, etap (n desfurarea unui proiect)

executing n. - ndeplinirea, executarea unor sarcini individuale sau organizaionale

execution phase n. - faz de execuie a unui proiect

exercise power v. - a-i exercita puterea/ autoritatea

expectancy theory n. - teoria expectanei

expenditure n. - cheltuieli ocazionate de realizarea unui proiect

external constraints n. pl. - constrngeri externe (n realizarea unui proiect)

extroversion n. - exteriorizare

F fallback plan n. - plan de rezerv

fast tracking n. - reducerea timpului alocat realizrii unui proiect

feasibility study n. - studiu de fezabilitate

final report n. - raport final/post implementare a unui proiect

financial management n. - managementul resurselor financiare

finishing activity n. - activitate finalizatoare, de finalizare

finishing date n. - termen, dat final

fixed date n. - dat fix

fixed finish n. - dat de finalizare impus

fixed start n. - dat de ncepere impus

flexibility n. - flexibilitate

flexible working (flexitime B.E./flexitime A.E.) n. - program de lucru flexibil, la alegerea angajatului, n anumite limite orare

float n. - marj suplimentar de timp afectat unei anumite operaiuni (peste timpul afectat iniial)

foreman n. - maistru

free float n. - marj suplimentar de timp flexibil (fr s influeneze nceperea urmtoarei activiti)

full responsibility n. - responsabilitate deplin

functional structure n. - structur funcional (mprirea unei firme n departamente, fiecare ndeplinind o funcie specific)

G goal n. - scop, in, obiectiv

golden handcuffs n. pl. - ctue de aur (avantaje finaciare oferite angajailor importani pentru a-i pstra n serviciu)

government-supported project n. - obiectiv susinut/finanat de guvern

H harassment n. - hruire

hierarchical coding structure n. - organigram

high-risk option n. - opiune care prezint un nalt grad de risc

hold sb accountable for v. - a trage la raspundere pe cineva

human resources management n. - managementul resurselor umane

I ideology n. - ideologie

impact n. - impact (evaluarea efectelor adverse ale unui posibil risc)

impartiality n. - imparialitate, neprtinire

in progress adj./adv. - (proiect) aflat n desfurare

increment n. - indexare salarial

independent action n. - aciune, ntreprindere individual

induction period n. - perioad de instructaj

industrial espionage n. - spionaj industrial

industrial psychology n. - psihologia muncii

influencing n. - influenare (de ctre un cadru de conducere) prin comunicare, luare de decizii i motivare

in-house project n. - proiect intern realizat de o singur organizaie

initiation n. - iniierea n realizarea unui proiect

initiative n. - iniiativ, inventivitate, ingeniozitate

innovation n. - inovaie, invenie

integration n. - integrare (motivare i comunicare)

integrity n. - integritate

interim management n. - management interimar

issue n. - problem care necesit rezolvare urgent

J job enlargement n. - lrgirea/diversificarea sferei de sarcini de pe fia postului

job enrichment n. - diversificarea sarcinilor unui angajat, incluznd planificarea, organizarea i controlul propriilor sale activiti

job rotation n. - transferul unui angajat de la un post specializat la altul

K key event n. - etap important (n execuia unui proiect)

key performance indicators n. pl. - indicatori de msurare a performanei

L labour turnover n. - rotaia cadrelor ntr-o firm

lack of initiative n. - lips de iniiativ

late date n. - dat limit

leader n. - conductor, lider

leadership n. - conducere, abilitatea/ capacitatea de a conduce; cadrele de conducere

leadership style n. - stil de conducere

life cycle n. - etapele unui proiect/obieciv

line management n. - conducere ierarhic clasic, n linie direct

line manager n. - conductor ierarhic direct

logical relationship n. - legtura/dependena logic (ntre dou activiti de proiect)

logistics n. pl. - logistic, organizarea detaliat i implementarea unui plan/ operaii complicate

long-term/short-term objectives n. pl. - obiective pe termen lung/scurt

lose control v. - a (-i) pierde controlul

low-level/high-level decision-making n. - luare de decizii la nivel ierarhic inferior/superior

loyalty n. - loialitate, devotament fa de firm

M maintain a pleasant working environment v. - a crea/menine un mediu de lucru plcut

make the best use of personal resources v. - a folosi la maxim resursele proprii

malpractice n. - neglijen profesional

manage v. - a conduce, a administra

management accounting n. - contabilitate de gestiune

management activity n. - activitate managerial

management agreement n. - acord de gestiune

management appraisal n. - evaluarea eficienei manageriale

management audit n. - control de gestiune

management buyout n. - cumprarea unei companii (aflat n stare de faliment) de ctre managerii si

management by consensus n. - management prin consens

management by decision models n. - managemnt prin modele decizionale

management by exception n. - management prin excepie (delegarea sarcinilor i intervenia conducerii doar n cazuri de extrem necesitate)

management by information systems n. - management prin sisteme informatice

management by objectives (MBO) n. - management prin obiective

management by performance n. - management prin performan

management consultant n. - expert care ofer consultan n domeniul managementului

management control n. - management de gestiune

management discretion n. - libertatea de a dispune a conducerii

management engineering n. - organizarea conducerii ntreprinderilor

management expenses n. pl. - cheltuieli de administraie i de regie

management expert n. - specialist n tiina conducerii

management in multinationals n. - managementul n sfera internaional

management information system n. - sistem informatic de management

management inventory n. - lista cadrelor de conducere

management n. - conducere, administraie, management; cadrele de conducere

management of resources n. - managementul resurselor

management operating system n. - sistem de funcionare a conducerii

management position specifications n. pl. - specificaii ale sarcinilor de serviciu ce revin unui cadru de conducere

management techniques n. pl. - tehnici de conducere, manageriale

management technology n. - tehnologia conducerii

management theorist n. - teoretician n domeniul managementului

management theory n. - teorie a managementului

manager n. - manager, director, administrator

managerial adj. - de conducere, managerial

managerial competence n. - competen managerial

managerial duties n. - sarcini manageriale, administrative, de conducere

managerial skill n. - capacitate, aptitudine de conducere

managerial style n. - stil, mod de conducere

managing board n. - consiliu de administraie

managing staff n. - personal de conducere

marketing management n. - managementul n sfera marketing-ului

Maslows Hierarchy of Human Needs n. - piramida nevoilor fiinei umane elaborat de Maslow

matrix structure n. - structur matricial

maximum effectiveness n. - eficacitate maxim

MD/CEO (Managing Director-UK/ Chief Executive Officer-US) n. - director administrativ

measure individual performance v. - a evalua performana individual (a unui angajat)

meet ones objectives v. - a-i ndeplini obiectivele propuse

method n. - metod, procedeu

middle management n. - cadre medii de conducere

mission statement n. - declaraie de intenie, definirea obiectivelor

mitigation n. - atenuare (a efectelor/rezultatelor negative)

mobilisation n. - mobilizare

monitor ones efforts v. - a-i direciona eforturile

monitoring n. - monitorizare (nregistrarea, analizarea i raportarea rezultatelor proiectului conform cu planul iniial)

morale n. - moral, gradul de motivare i implicare al angajailor

motivated behaviour in the workplace n. - atitudine/ comportament motivat() la locul de munc

motivation n. - motivaie

multi-project n. - proiect larg coninnd mai multe sub-proiecte

N negotiation n. - negociere

nepotism n. - nepotism

network n. - reprezentarea grafic a unui proiect

neutrality n. - neutralitate, neprtinire

O objective n. - obiectiv, efort predeterminat

official strike n. - grev oficial (cu sprijin sindical)

on ones own responsibility adv. - pe propria rspundere

optimisation n. - optimizare

order n. - ordine, disciplin n mediul de lucru

organisation and methods n. - organizare i metode (analiza organizrii unei companii, a muncii, a sistemelor utilizate, astfel nct s fie mbuntite i compania s devin mai rentabil)

organisation of work n. - organizarea tiinific a muncii

organisational climate n. - climat, atmosfer organizaional (creat de stilul de conducere al liderului)

organisational innovation n. - inovaie, invenie organizaional

organisational structure n. - structur organizaional

overcontrolling adj. - autoritar

overtime ban n. - tip de grev prin refuzul de a realiza ore suplimentare

P participative leadership n. - conducere participativ/ colaborativ

pay-for-performance policy n. - politica retribuirii dup rezultate

people-centred operations n. pl. - activiti cu i pentru oameni

performance appraisal n. - apreciere, evaluare a realizrilor/ performanei

performance standard n. - standard de performan

perseverance n. - perseveren

personnel allocation n. - repartizarea personalului

Personnel Management n. - managementul/ conducerea personalului, angajailor dintr-o organizaie

planning n. - planificare

policy framework n. - cadru strategic, cadru de aciune

portfolio manager n . - administrator de portofoliu

position of responsibility n. - funcie de rspundere

power n. - putere, autoritate

power-sharing compromise n. - compromis/nelegere n ceea ce privete diviziunea puterii/autoritii

pressure group n. - grup de presiune

principle (the) of authority n. - principiul nelegerii i exercitrii autoritii

principle (the) of balance n. - pricipiul echilibrului dintre secii/departamente

principle (the) of continuity n. - principiul continuitii (chiar i n caz de reorganizare)

principle (the) of co-ordination n. - principiul coordonrii activitilor (de obicei de la centru)

principle (the) of correspondence n. - principiul corespondenei/ corelrii dintre autoritate i responsabilitate

principle (the) of definition n. - principiul definirii clare a sarcinilor/ responsabilitilor

principle (the) of responsibility n. - principiul conform cruia un ef de secie este responsabil pentru aciunile subordonailor si

principle (the) of span of control n. - principiul limitrii sferei de autoritate

principle (the) of specialisation n. - principiul specializrii (seciilor, angajailor)

production manager n. - director de producie

professional conduct n. - conduit profesional

professional n. - profesionist, expert, specialist

professional code of conduct n. - cod de deontologie profesional

professionalism n. - profesionalism

program director n. - director de program

project ledger n. - registru al proiectului/ obiectivului

project milestones n. pl. - puncte de verificare a parcursului unui proiect

project n. - proiect, plan , obiectiv, construcie (n curs)

project planning chart n. - diagram de planificaree a proiectului

proxy n. - mandatar, mputernicit, delegat, reprezentant

psychological pressure n. - tensiune, presiune psihologic

Public Relations Manager n. - directorul departamentului de relaii cu publicul

Q quality control n. - control de calitate

quality factor n. - factor de calitate

quality guarantee n. - garanie a calitii

- R - respect n. - respect, stim, consideraie

responsibility n. - responsabilitate, sarcin de serviciu

restore stability v. - a restabili ordinea

retaliation n. - represalii

risk prevention n. - prevenirea riscurilor

role model n. - model de comportament

rotation of directors n. - rotaia cadrelor de conducere

S sales manager n. - director comercial

schedule of time n. - planificarea timpului

scientific management n. - management tiinific

seek new ideas v. - a cuta idei noi

selection procedure n. - procedeu de selectare/recrutare a personalului

self-awareness n. - contiin de sine

self-confidence n. - ncredere n sine

self-directed work team n. - munc n echip autodirijat

selfless service n. - ordonarea prioritilor (n favoarea intereselor firmei)

self-management n. - autogestiune

senior management n. - managementul de vrf al unei firme, conducerea executiv

senior managerial position n. - funcie/poziie n conducerea de vrf

sense of authority n. - simul autoritii

set an example v. - a da (un) exemplu

set realistic goals v. - a stabili obiective realiste/realizabile

show impartiality v. - a fi imparial, a fi neprtinitor

skills n. pl. - aptitudini, competene, deprinderi

stability of tenure n. - sigurana locului de munc

staff appraisal n. - evaluarea muncii/activitii angajailor

standard of time n. - durat de timp alocat ndeplinirii unei sarcini

strategic planning n. - planificare strategic

stick to schedule v. - a respecta programul prestabilit

strategic management n. - management strategic

subordination of individual interests to the general good of the company n. - subordonarea intereselor individuale celor generale ale companiei

supervising n. - supraveghere, monitorizare

supervision of work n. - supravegherea activitii depuse

supervisor n. - supraveghetor, ef de echip

SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis n. - analiza SWOT (puncte forte i slabe din interiorul organizaiei precum i oportunitile i ameninrile din exterior

T tactics of management n. pl. - tactici folosite n management

team leadership n. - conducere colectiv

team spirit n. - spirit de echip

teamwork n. - munc n echip

Theory X - Teoria X (conform naturii sale, omul are o aversiune nnscut fa de munc); autor D. McGregor

Theory Y - Teoria Y (munca este la fel de natural firii omului ca i jocul sau odihna); autor D. McGregor

time management n. - gestionarea eficient a timpului

tolerance n. - toleran

top management n. - conducere superioar, de vrf

total employee involvement n. - participarea /implicarea total a angajailor la luarea de decizii

total quality management (TQM) n. - managementul calitii totale

trait theory n. - teoria caracterial

transparency and clarity in decisions n. - transparen i claritate a deciziilor

U unbiased adj. - imparial

unprofessional conduct n. - conduit neprofesional

upper management n. - cadre superioare de conducere

W well worked-out plan n. - plan bine pus la punct

what-if analysis n. - evaluarea folosirii unor strategii alternative

whistle blowing n. - denunare

wildcat strike n. - grev neoficial (fr sprijin sindical)

work measurement n. - msurare a muncii

work sampling n. - eantionare a muncii

work-to-rule n. - grev de zel

work with commendable commitment v. - a munci/lucra cu un devotament deplin/demn de laud

worker director n. - reprezentantul muncitorilor n conducere

worker efficiency n. - eficiena muncii unui angajat (raportul dintre timpul standard alocat i cel real folosit pentru ndeplinirea unei sarcini)

working efficiency n. - eficiena muncii

UNIT SIX

BUSINESS TRAVEL

I. READING COMPREHENSION1.Read the following text about how to complain effectively at your hotel:

Get Me the Manager - How to Complain Effectively at Your Hotel

Get the Results You Want When You Have a Problem

Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,WB Yeats, The Second ComingYeats may not have acquired many frequent travel points, but he obviously knew that 'stuff happens' on business trips. Problems often occur on hotel stays: no hot water, no heat or air-conditioning, filthy rooms, overcharges or other problems. Successful complaining is a skill that can be acquired. Just follow these easy steps the next time something goes terribly wrong.

How to Prevent 'Bad Luck'1. _________________ Inexpensive lodging can often mean slow check-in, hard-to-find staff, dirty rooms, faulty plumbing and just about anything else you want to avoid. When an airplane is delayed, first-class passengers are stuck waiting along with the cheap seat guys in coach. With hotels, more money almost always means better service. And if they do make a mistake, it is easier to get it fixed when you are paying the big bucks.

2. _________________ Or at least the business traveler equivalent -- a top-tier frequent travel program member. You may not be Bill Gates or Cindy Crawford, but you'll be you'll be treated like a VIP if you have elite program status. Hotels really care about loyal business travelers -- they are a valuable commodity. Be sure that you have every stay tracked and posted. It means free nights and better perks.

3. _________________ You may change jobs and spouses with abandon, but be true to your chosen hotel in cities where you travel frequently. Get to know the staff. When disaster strikes, the familiar face usually gets the best treatment. Familiarity also means that you will know the best rooms to ask for. Write nice notes to the General Manager when you have received good treatment -- mention staff names. These letters are usually posted behind the front desk -- the place where you will be complaining the next time something goes wrong.

4. __________________ Credit card companies can back you up if you didn't get what you paid for.

What to Do When You Have a Problem5. __________________ Business travelers are often stressed out and tired. Little problems can loom large. Is the problem really worth complaining about, or are you trying to avoid finishing the presentation for tomorrow morning's meeting?

6. __________________ If you have one and the problem can wait, let them deal with it. They book all the business, they have the clout and the time. Write down the pertinent data (or send them an email) and forget about it. Do you really want to waste your precious time? If you are part of a convention, let the convention services manager deal with it.

7. __________________ If you've decided it must be handled now, decide what you want. A new room? A discount? Hotel frequent travel points? What will make you feel properly compensated for the problem at hand.

8. __________________ It's not likely that you will get a free room because someone forgot to put mints on your pillow -- believe me, I know people who have asked. It is fair to ask for a new room if you have been inconvenienced by faulty plumbing, a dirty linen, etc. Most business travelers are less concerned with a discount for poor service -- after all the company is footing the bill, unless it is your company. Many ask for extra frequent travel points for their account. You should too.

9. __________________ If you've decided that the situation must be addressed, go to the front desk immediately. Ask for the Front Desk Manager or the Rooms Exec. The assistant behind the counter may try to solve your problem -- give them a chance. Empowerment is a buzz word in the hotel industry today -- many front line staff people can solve your problem quickly. If they can't , then...

10. _________________ The Rooms Exec (usually second in command at the hotel) can solve many issues. They do most of the day-to-day work at the hotel. Even if you end up dealing with the General Manager, the Rooms Exec will most likely execute the solution, so don't alienate him or her.

11. _________________ You may have every reason in the world to be angry, but keep your cool. Hotel employees have a great deal of discretion in handling problem situations. No one will go the extra mile to help out a raving idiot. Be nice, you'll end up with a better room, and maybe even a fruit basket. If you are a jerk, you will get the 'standard' response. And your 'jerk status' will be documented in your permanent hotel record -- for everyone to see the next time you have a problem.

12. _________________ Just deal with the basic issue and what you want as compensation. If you mention every little problem that has arisen since you entered the hotel, you'll sound like a whiner. The real problem will get obscured.

13. _________________ Remember, everybody is wired now. Don't say that you are a top-tier program member if you're not (they check). Just be specific and accurate.

14. _________________ If the problem has been resolved to your satisfaction, thank everyone involved and drop a note to the General Manager naming the individuals who helped. This will stand you in good stead the next time something happens (and something always happens).

(http://businesstravel.about.com/library/weekly/aa012002a.htm)2. Fill in the gaps in the text above with the following sub-headings:

a. Know what you want

b. Say 'thank you'!

c. Don't be a jerk

d. Be quick

e. Don't be greedy

f. Let your corporate travel department handle it

g. Stay at the best hotel you or your company can afford.

h. Is it really worth your time?

i. Be concise, don't embellish

j. Don't lie

k. Be loyal

l. Pay with a credit card

m. Escalate, escalate, escalate

n. Be rich and famous

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE1. Read the following text about packing luggage for business trips. For each gap 1-10 write one word against the corresponding number. There is an example at the beginning: 0 requires/entails.Packing Luggage for Business Trips

Packing for a business trip 0 different considerations from a packing for a vacation. While the basics of trip packing are the same, the extra thought 1 save unnecessary 2. at your destination. If you can, carry-on. Carry-on luggage 3.. that you are travelling light, with no extra bag hassles. Also, this bit of business travel advice means that you'll 4. less time standing around at airports, and have more time for business - or fun.

The climate and culture will influence your clothing decisions. 5.. you travel across the state line or the ocean, the local climate and culture will be different from your own. Find out the 6.. you'll need to know by searching on the Internet, or talking with someone at your destination.

7. a big presentation? Check to see if your destination will have the necessary equipment, otherwise you will need to bring your own. If you can, 8. yourself with that equipment, so there are no mistakes or hassles on presentation day.

Remember that your laptop, mobile and PDA will all require to be recharged at some point. Bring all the necessary chargers, as well as adapters, to avoid 9.. stuck without essential information stored on devices that have a flat battery.

Stressful business travel experiences can definitely be 10., through sensible thought about what to pack for a business trip.

2.TRAVELWord-Formation. Fill in the gaps with the corresponding forms of the word travel:

1. Peter Jackson's latest book 'Africa' is part _______________, part memoir.

2. I love the work but I hate the _______________ that's involved.

3. They're a _______________ couple.

4. This hotel is for serious _______________, rather than tourists on two-week package holidays.

5. Supersonic planes can _______________ faster than the speed of sound.

6. I heard on the _______________ news that there'd been an accident.3. Collocations. Match the noun travel with the following words to form meaningful collocations: rail, documents, industry, air, corporate, expenses, first-class, insurance.

_______________ travel

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________ travel _______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

Now fill in the gaps below with the collocations you found above:

1. Citizens of all countries require a valid national passport or valid _______________ and a valid visa granted by an Indian Mission abroad.

2. In its alliance with the rapidly growing GetThere - which says it nearly doubled its _______________ bookings last year, to more than six million - Amtrak will be integrated into the desktop booking environment to 'become part of the universe' for business-travel decisions.

3. All other domestic _________________ (those that are not planned annual events) for ministers should be authorized in the official board meeting minutes before ministers leave for travel, if at all possible.

4. The golden age of _________________ is gone. People are trying to find more secure ways of travelling.

5. Ecotourism Society Pakistan (ESP) has finalised a 10-points report on the negative impacts on its _________________ due to September 11 tragedy.

6. It is apparent that people would opt for motor over _______________ for all their needs.

7. A ________________ policy usually offers two coverages: trip cancellation/interruption and emergency medical evacuation.

8. Over the next few years the quality of __________________ on the Liverpool & Manchester Railway was dramatically improved.GLOSSARY

OF BUSINESS TRAVEL TERMS

Aaccommodation n. - cazare, gzduire

air hostess n. - nsoitoare de bord

air journey n. - cltorie aerian

air liner n. - zbor regulat

airline office n. - agenia unei companii aeriene

air travel n. - cltorie pe calea aerului

air turbulence n. - zon de turbulen (aerian)

airport code n. - cod (format din trei litere) de identificare al unui aeroport

airport hotel n. - hotel n apropierea unui aeroport

airport terminal n. - terminal de aeroport

allocate a room v. - a aloca o camer

all-suite hotel n. - hotel cu camere-apartament

amend a reservation v. - a modifica o rezervare

amenities n. pl. - faciliti/servicii suplimentare/extra oferite de firmele de turism

APEX (Advance Purchase Excursion) Fare n. - sistem de reducere a preului unui bilet de avion (dac acesta este cumprat cu mult timp n avans)

area code n. - cod potal

arrival n. - sosire

arrival airport n. - aeroport de destinaie

arrival point n. - punct de sosire

ask for directions v. - a cere informaii (pentru a ajunge la o destinaie)

baggage check n. - recipis/chitan pentru bagaje

baggage rack n. - plas/suport de bagaje

baggage reclaim n. - recuperarea bagajelor de ctre cltori

baggage tag n. - etichet (cu datele personale ale cltorului) ataat de bagajB base fare/rate n. - preul de baz/referin (fr adaos/impozitare) al unui serviciu

be away on business v. - a fi plecat n interes de serviciu/cu afaceri

bell boy n. - biat de serviciu (la hotel)

blackout period n. - perioad de vrf cnd anumite reduceri nu sunt n vigoare

boarding pass n. - talon/carte de mbarcare

book v. - a rezerva, a face o rezervare

booking n. - rezervare

booking procedures n. pl. - proceduri de rezervare (a unui bilet, camere, etc.)

border n. - frontier

break a journey v. - a face o escal/ntrerupere

budget hotel n. - hotel ieftin

bump v. - a anula rezervarea unui cltor din cauza rezervrii n exces a locurilor dintr-o curs aerian

bus pass n. - abonament de autobus

business class n. - clasa business (n transportul aerian)/clasa I-a

business hotel n. - hotel pentru oamenii de afaceri

C cancel a reservation v. - a anula o rezervare

capacity controlled n. - limitarea ofertei numrului de locuri ntr-un avion, camere ntr-un hotel, etc.

car class n. - clas (la maini de lux, speciale, mari, etc.)

car hire agent n. - agent care lucreaz la o firm de nchiriat maini

car- hire company n. - firm de nchiriat maini

car park n. - parcare auto

car rental agreement n. - contract de nchiriere a unei maini

car-hire office n. - birou de nchiriat maini

carrier n. - transportator (de pasageri sau mrfuri)

carry-on (bag) n. - bagaj de mn permis n avion

cash a cheque v. - a ncasa un cec

catering services/facilities n. pl. - servicii de catering/servire

CDW (collision damage waiver) n. - plata asigurrii (cu ziua) - n caz de accidente, pentru o main nchiriat

chambermaid n. - camerist

change a booking v. - a schimba o rezervare

charter n. - mijloc de transport nchiriat n scopuri comerciale sau turistice

checked baggage n. - bagaj de cal

check in (at a hotel) n. - cazare, nregistrare (la un hotel)

check in (at a hotel) v. - a se caza, nregistra (la un hotel)

check in (at an airport) v. - a se supune procedurilor de control/verificare la intrarea ntr-un aeroport

check out (at a hotel) v. - a preda/elibera camera de hotel

check out (at an airport) v. - a se supune procedurilor de control/verificare la ieirea dintr-un aeroport

check-in (at an airport) n. - control/verificare (la intrarea ntr-un aeroport)

check-in-time (at an airport) n. - ora prezentrii pasagerilor la aeroport pentru efectuarea cltoriei

check-out (at a hotel) n. - predarea camerei de hotel

check-out (at the airport) n. - control/verificare (la ieirea din aeroport)

city pair n. - aeroporturile de plecare i destinaie (e.g. Bucureti-Londra)

class of vehicle n. - categoria autovehicolului

commission n. - comision pltit de agentul de turism firmei care deine serviciile

conventions hotel n. - hotel unde se organizeaz evenimente mondene

comp room n. - camer acordat pe gratis (n cazul ocuprii mai multor camere de un grup)

companion fare n. - pre promoional/ reducerea preului biletului de avion pentru persoana nsoitoare

conference facilities n. pl. - faciliti care permit organizarea de conferine

conference room n. - sal de conferine

confidential tariff n. - preul engros (cunoscut doar de engrositii sau agenii de cltorie)

confirm a reservation v. - a confirma o rezervare

connecting flight n. - cltorie cu avionul cu schimbare

connecting point n. - aeroport unde se schimb avionul

connection n. - mijloc de transport de legtur

corporate insurance policy n. - politica de ncheiere de contracte de asigurari a companiei

corporate rate n. - reducere (cu 10%) a preului biletului de cltorie pentru oamenii de afaceri

coupon n. - talon (parte a biletului de avion care se pred la punctul de control/verificare)

credit card n. - carte de credit

CRS (Computerised Reservation System) n. - sistem computerizat de efectuare a rezervrilor

D denied boarding compensation n. - compensaie (sub form de bani, cltorie pe calea aerului gratuit sau o camer de hotel gratuit) acordat ca despgubire unui client cruia nu i s-a acordat rezervarea fcut

departure lounge n. - sal de ateptare - plecri

departure n. - plecare

departure airport n. - aeroport de plecare

departure point n. - punct de plecare

Destination Marketing Organisation n. - firm de promovare a turismului ntr-o anumit zon

destination n. - destinaie

direct flight n. - curs aerian direct

direct train route n. - tren direct

directory enquiries n. - serviciul de informaii (telefonice)

discount fares n. - preuri promoionale, pre redus pentru biletele de cltorie

domestic travel n. - sistem de cltorii intern/naional

double room n. - camer de hotel pentru dou persoane; cu un pat dublu

driving licence n. - carnet de conducere

E economy class n. - clasa economic (n transportul aerian)/clasa a II-a

economy hotel n. - hotel ieftin

emergency breakdown number n. - telefon de urgen (n caz de defectare a mainii)

emergency funds n. pl. - fonduri de urgen

emergency health care n. - servicii medicale de urgen

emergency help-line n. - linie telefonic pentru urgene

emergency landing n. - aterizare forat

end date n. - data sosirii din cltorie

escort n. - nsoitor, escort a unui grup de turiti

escorted service n. - servicii turistice cu nsoitor

excess baggage/luggage n. - bagaje n exces (peste limita de greutate admis n transportul aerian)

executive suite n. - apartament de hotel pentru membrii consiliului executiv (al unei firme)

extended stay n. - edere de mai mult de apte zile la un hotel

F facilities n. pl. - faciliti, utiliti

familiarisation trip n. - excursie de familiarizare (a jurnalitilor, angajailor ageniilor de turism, etc.) organizat cu scopul promovrii serviciilor turistice

fast train n. - tren rapid

first class restaurant n. - restaurant clasa I

first/second class n. - clasa nti/a doua

flat rate n. - preul unei camere de hotel special negociat de un grup de clieni

flight attendant n. - nsoitor de bord

flight ticket n. - bilet de avion

flight time n. - ora decolrii

folio n. - evidena scris sau electronic a tranzaciilor financiare efectuate de client pe parcursul ederii ntr-un hotel

foreign/local currency n. - valut

baggage allowance n. - bagaje admise gratuit la transport

free-based pricing n. - comisioane acordate de firme companiilor de turism

full/half board n. - pensiune complet/incomplet

G garment bag n. - port haine, hus pentru haine

gate n. - loc de mbarcare/debarcare ntr-un aeroport

gratuity n. - baci, recompens, atenie

ground transportation n. - transport terestru

guaranteed reservation n. - rezervare garantat (clientul garanteaz achitarea costului camerei chiar dac nu o va ocupa)

guide n. - ghid

H hand luggage n. - bagaj de mn

have a reservation n. - a avea o rezervare

headwaiter n. - chelner ef

health certificate n. - certificat de sntate

health insurance n. - asigurare medical

highway n. - autostrad

hospitality room n. - camer de hotel unde se organizeaz recepii

hotel dining-room n. - sala de mese a unui hotel

hotel laundry n. - spltoria hotelului

hotel package n. - servicii complexe (transport, cazare, mas, faciliti sportive, etc.) oferite de un hotel/pachet de servicii

hotel receptionist n. - recepioner/

hub n. - aeroport central

I inadequate transportation documents n. pl. - acte/documente de cltorie necorespunztoare

incentive tour n. - excursie de recompensare a agenilor de turism

international call n. - apel internaional

international flight n. - curs extern

international hotel chain n. - lan internaional de hoteluri

international hotel n. - hotel internaional

itinerary n. - itinerariu

J joint fare n. - pre special pentru o cltorie care presupune schimbarea mai multor avioane pn la destinaie

journey n. - cltorie, voiaj (mai ales pe uscat), drum, traseu

junction n. - intersecie

L label a baggage v. - a ataa eticheta cu datele cltorului pe bagaj

land v. - a ateriza

landing n. - aterizare

last-room availability n. - sistem de rezervare electronic cu situaia curent a rezervrilor ntr-un hotel

left-luggage office/ baggage check n. - oficiu de depozitare a bagajelor

local call n. - apel local

local currency n. - moned naional

local financial services n. pl. - servicii financiare locale

long distance call n. - apel internaional

lose ones way v. - a se rtci

lowest fare guarantee n. - promisiunea ageniei de a aplica cele mai mici preuri la confirmarea rezervrii

loyalty scheme n. - reducere de pre (datorit loialitii fa de firm)

luggage rack n. - suport pentru bagaje

luxury hotel n. - hotel de lux

M management report n. - raport ntocmit de ageniile acreditate cu indicaii privind cltoria cu avionul, cazarea la hotel sau nchirierea unei maini

maximum weight n. - greutatea maxim admis

meet and greet n. - servicii de ntmpinare i asistare a clienilor la sosirea ntr-un ora

meeting fare n. - reducere de pre la biletul de avion pentru cltorii care urmeaz s participe la acelai eveniment/aceeai ntlnire

meeting rate n. - pre negociat oferit de un hotel participanilor la o ntlnire de afaceri, conferin, etc.

midscale hotel n. - hotel de nivel mediu

mileage allowance n. - numrul de kilometri parcuri de o main nchiriat, peste kilometrajul admis

mileage charge n. - tax perceput pe fiecare kilometru cu care s-a depit limita admis la nchirierea mainii

mileage n. - distan n mile, kilometraj

minibar n. - minibar (n camera de hotel a clientului)

motor hotel n. - motel

N name-labelled baggage n. - bagaj etichetat cu numele cltorului

net fare/rate n. - pre net (al unui bilet sau serviciu, fr comisionul agentului i fr impozite)

no show n. - cltor sau client care nu reuete s anuleze o rezervare nefolosit

O open ticket n. - bilet fr loc, nerezervat

overbooking n. - confirmarea mai multor locuri sau camere rezervate peste capacitatea real (de teama clienilor ce pot s nu se prezinte no show)

overcharge v. - a ncasa un suprapre

overhead compartment n. - compartiment pentru bagajele de mn (aflat deasupra locurilor ntr-un avion)

override n. - comision suplimentar acordat drept bonus agenilor de cltorii

P package n. - bilet cu servicii incluse (vndute la un singur pre)

package tour n. - excursie care ofer o multitudine de servicii prestabilite i prepltite

packager n. - organizatorul unei excursii cu servicii complexe, deobicei la mai multe destinaii

passenger cabin n. - cabina de pasageri

passport n. - paaport

passport number n. - numr de paaport

per diem/daily allowance n. - diurn

personal property insurance n. - asigurare pentru bunurile personale

porter n. - hamal

prepaid ticket n. - bilet achiziionat pentru un client aflat n alt localitate/ar

private hotel n. - hotel privat

profile n. - baza de date ntocmit de un agent despre un client

R rack rate n. - preuri de bilete sau cazare oficiale/publicate

rail terminal n. - terminal feroviar

rate desk n. - departament care calculeaz preul de bilet al unor itinerarii complicate

reception n. - recepie

receptionist n. - recepioner

reconfirmation n. - reconfirmarea rezervrii

rental car n. - main de nchiriat

rental charge n. - tax de nchiriere (a unei maini)

resort hotel n. - hotel ntr-o staiune

retailer n. - agenie de turism care ofer servicii en-detail

reverse charge call n. - apel telefonic cu tax invers

right/left hand lane n. - banda nti/a doua (a unei autostrzi)

room tax n. - impozit guvernamental sau local impus pe preul unei camere de hotel

round/return trip n. - cltorie dus-ntors

roundabout n. - sens giratoriu

S scheduled flight n. - curs regulat

security check n. - serviciul de securizare a unui aeroport, controlul de securitate

segment n. - bucat de drum/traseu parcurs

shuttle service (to the airport) n. - curs regulat de autobuz sau tren (la aeroport)

sight-seeing trip n. - excursie de agrement, de vizitare a mprejurimilor

sign n. - indicator

single trip n. - cltorie (numai) dus

slip road n. - osea de intrare pe autostrad

slow train n. - tren personal

smoker/non-smoker n. - (clasa) fumtori/nefumtori

soft-dollar savings n. pl. - economii realizate n timpul unei cltorii (datorit reducerilor)

split ticketing n. - eliberarea a dou bilete dus n loc de un bilet dus-ntors, n dorina de a economisi

standby n. - categorie da cltori care dein bilete de avion dar fr loc rezervat

star hotel n. - hotel cotat cu un anumit nr. de stele (de trei, patru, cinci stele)

start date n. - data plecrii n cltorie

stopover n. - ntrerupere a cltoriei

stowage n. - camera de bagaje (ntr-un avion)

surcharge n. - adaos (hotrt de vnztor sau guvern) la preul oficial/publicat

T take off v. - a decola

take-off n. - decolare

taxi/train fare n. - costul unei cltorii cu taxiul, trenul, etc.

ticket provider/supplier n. - furnizor de bilete de cltorie

transfer n. - escal/schimbare

travel abroad n. - cltorie n strintate

Travel Advisory n. - list cu precauiile i avertismentele privind o anumit ar de destinaie

travel agency n. - agenie de voiaj

travel agent n. - agent/angajat al unei agenii de turism

travel arrangements n. pl. - demersuri fcute pentru pregtirea unei deplasri

travel authorisation n. - ordin de deplasare, delegaie

travel costs n. - cheltuieli de cltorie

travel insurance n. - asigurare de cltorie

travel light v. - a cltori fr bagaje, cu bagaje puine

travel n. - cltorie, voiaj

travel on business v. - a cltori n interes de serviciu, cu afaceri

travel quote n. - oferta/lista de preuri (a unei agenii de voiaj)

travel restrictions n. pl. - restricii de cltorie

travel route n. - traseu, itinerariu

travellers cheque n. - cec de cltorie

trip n. - cltorie, excursie, voiaj

trolley n. - crucior pentru bagaje

U unclaimed luggage n. - bagaj nerevendicat de cltor

unlimited mileage n. - dreptul de a conduce o main nchiriat un numr nelimitat de kilometri fr a plti taxe suplimentare

upscale hotel n. - hotel scump/de lux

V validity of ticket n. - perioada de valabilitate a unui billet

valise n. - valiz mic

venue n. - sediu, loc de desfurare a unui eveniment

visa n. - viz

W waitlist n. - list de ateptare (pentru eliberarea unui loc la un zbor)

weight limit n. - limit de greutate wholesaler n. - firm de turism care ofer ageniilor servicii spre vnzare

window of convenience n. - dou ore marja de timp ideal naintea oricrei plecri sau soUNIT SEVENBUSINESS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

I. READING COMPREHENSION

1. Read the following text about types of environment pollution:

Types of Environment Pollution

1. _________________ occurs when industries and vehicles release such large amounts of gas and particulates into the air that natural processes can no longer keep the atmosphere in balance. There are two chief types of air pollution: (1) outdoor and (2) indoor. 2. _________________. Each year, hundreds of millions of tons of gases and particulates pour into the atmosphere. Most of this pollution results from the burning of fuel to power motor vehicles and heat buildings. Some air pollution also comes from business and industrial processes. For example, many dry cleaning plants remove dirt from clothing with a chemical called perchloroethylene, a hazardous air pollutant. The burning of garbage may discharge smoke and heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, into the atmosphere. Most heavy metals are highly poisonous. One of the most common types of outdoor air pollution is smog. Smog is a brown, hazy mixture of gases and particulates. It develops when certain gases released by the combustion of gasoline and other petroleum products react with sunlight in the atmosphere. This reaction creates hundreds of harmful chemicals that make up smog. One of the chemicals in smog is a toxic form of oxygen called ozone. Exposure to high concentrations of ozone causes headaches, burning eyes, and irritation of the respiratory tract in many individuals. In some cases, ozone in the lower atmosphere can cause death. Ozone can also damage plant life and even kill trees. Acid rain is a term for rain and other precipitation that is polluted mainly by sulfuric acid and nitric acid. These acids form when gases called sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water vapor in the air. These gases come chiefly from the burning of coal, gas, and oil by cars, factories, and power plants. The acids in acid rain move through the air and water and harm the environment over large areas. Acid rain has killed entire fish populations in a number of lakes. It also damages buildings, bridges, and statues. Scientists believe high concentrations of acid rain can harm forests and soil. Regions affected by acid rain include large parts of eastern North America, Scandinavia, and central Europe. Chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) are pollutants that destroy the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. CFC's are used in refrigerators and air conditioners and to make plastic foam insulation. Ozone, the same gas that is a harmful pollutant in smog, forms a protective layer in the upper atmosphere. It shields the earth's surface from more than 95 percent of the sun's ultraviolet radiation. As CFC's thin the ozone layer, more ultraviolet radiation reaches the surface of the earth. Overexposure to such radiation damages plants and greatly increases people's risk of skin cancer. The greenhouse effect is the warming that results when the earth's atmosphere traps the sun's heat. It is created by carbon dioxide, methane, and other atmospheric gases, which allow sunlight to reach the earth but prevent heat from leaving the atmosphere. These heat-trapping gases are often called greenhouse gases. Fuel burning and other human activities are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Many scientists believe such an increase is intensifying the greenhouse effect and raising temperatures worldwide. This increase in temperature, called global warming, may cause many problems. A strong greenhouse effect could melt glaciers and polar icecaps, flooding coastal areas. It could also shift rainfall patterns, creating more droughts and severe tropical storms. 3. ___________________ occurs when buildings with poorly designed ventilation systems trap pollutants inside. The main types of indoor pollutants are tobacco smoke, gases from stoves and furnaces, household chemicals, small fiber particles, and hazardous fumes given off by building materials, including insulation, glue, and paint. In some office buildings, high amounts of these substances cause headaches, eye irritation, and other health problems in workers. Such health problems are sometimes called sick building syndrome. Radon, a radioactive gas given off through the decay of uranium in rocks within the earth, is another harmful indoor pollutant. It can cause lung cancer if inhaled in large quantities. People can be exposed to radon when the gas leaks into basements of homes built over radioactive soil or rock. Energy-efficient buildings, which keep in heated or cooled air, can trap radon indoors and lead to high concentrations of the gas. 4. ___________________ happens when we put so much waste into a water system that the processes nature usually uses to clean itself are overwhelmed. Our pollutants affect these systems in may ways. Waste's such as industrial acids, oil and farm pesticides, poisons aquatic plants and animals. Other waste, such as phosphate detergents, chemical fertilizers, and animal manure, do the opposite by supplying to many nutrients for aquatic life. The process begins when large amounts of nutrients flow into a water system. These nutrients stimulate excessive growth of algae. As more algae grow, more also die. Bacteria in the water use up large amounts of oxygen consuming the excess dead algae. The oxygen level of the water then drops, causing many aquatic plants and animals to die.

Water pollution comes from businesses, farms, homes, industries, and other sources. It includes sewage, industrial chemicals, agricultural chemicals, and livestock wastes. Another form of water pollution is the clean but heated water discharged by power plants into waterways. This heated water, called thermal pollution, harms fish and aquatic plants by reducing the amount of oxygen in the water. Chemical and oil spills can also cause devastating water pollution that kills water birds, shellfish, and other wildlife. Some water pollution occurs when there is improper separation of sewer wastewater from clean drinking water. In parts of the world that lack modern sewage treatment plants, water carrying human waste can flow into drinking water supplies. Disease-carrying bacteria in the waste can then contaminate the drinking water and cause such illnesses as cholera and dysentery. In areas with good sanitation, most human waste flows through underground pipes to special treatment plants that kill the harmful bacteria and remove the solid waste.

5. ___________________ happens when we destroy the thin layer of healthy and productive soil, which covers the earth's surface. Most of the world's food is produced using this resource and if we don't protect it the worlds farmers will be unable to grow enough food to support the worlds people.

Healthy soil depends on bacteria, fungi, and small animals (such as worms) to break down wastes in the soil and release its nutrients which help plants grow. The over use of fertilizers and pesticides can limit the ability of soil organisms to process wastes, which in turn makes the soil less productive or in the worst case scenario useless or even poisonous.

There are many other human activities which can damage soil. The irrigation of soil in dry areas with poor drainage can leave fields flooded. When this standing water evaporates, it leaves salt deposits behind, making the soil too salty for growing crops. Mining operations can leave soil polluted with toxic heavy metals. Many scientists believe acid rain can also reduce soil fertility.

6. __________________ or rubbish to you and me, is the most visible form of pollution. Every year, people dispose of billions of tons of solid waste. Waste from business and industry account for the majority this.

The solid waste that we produce in our homes, schools, offices, and shops is called municipal solid waste. It includes paper, plastic, bottles and cans and our left over food. Other waste consists of scrap metal, leftover materials from agricultural processes, and mining wastes known as spoil.

In Ireland we are currently wondering what to with all this waste that we produce this is a big problem because most disposal methods damage the environment. 7. ____________________ ruin the natural beauty of the land and provide a home for rats and other disease-carrying animals. Both open dumps and landfills (areas of buried wastes) may contain toxins that seep into ground water or flow into streams and lakes. The uncontrolled burning of solid waste creates smoke and other air pollution. Burning waste in incinerators releases toxic chemicals, ash, and harmful metals into the air. Also, who wants to live beside any of these? Not you, well me neither. So where do we put them?

8. ___________________ is composed of discarded substances that can threaten human health and the environment. A waste is hazardous if it corrodes (wears away) other materials; explodes; ignites easily; reacts strongly with water; or is poisonous. Sources of hazardous waste include industries, hospitals, and laboratories. Such waste can cause immediate injury when people breathe, swallow, or touch it. When buried in the ground or left in open dumps, some hazardous waste can pollute ground water and contaminate food crops. Some hazardous waste can seriously harm the health of people, wildlife, and plants. These pollutants include radiation, pesticides, and heavy metals.

9. ___________________ is an invisible pollutant, which can travel far away from its source, contaminating any part of the environment. Most radiation comes from natural sources, such as minerals and the sun's rays. Scientists can also produce radioactive elements in their laboratories. Exposure to large amounts of radiation can harm cells and result in cancer.

Radioactive waste produced by nuclear reactors and weapons factories poses a serious environmental risk. Some of this waste will remain radioactive for thousands of years. For this reason the storage of radioactive waste is unsafe, difficult and very expensive.

10. __________________ can also travel great distances through the environment. When used on crops or even in your own garden, they can be blown by the wind to other areas. They can also make there way into rain water and then into streams and rivers. They can also reach our rivers streams and lakes by seeping through the soil into ground water.

Some pesticides can remain in the environment for many years and pass from one organism to another. For example, when pesticides are present in a stream, small fish and other organisms can absorb them. Larger fish that eat these contaminated organisms build up even larger amounts of pesticides in their flesh and will eventually pass them on to us through the food chain.

11. __________________ such as mercury and lead come from Mining operations, solid waste incinerators, industrial processes, and motor vehicles. In the same way as radiation and pesticides, they stay around long after we produce them and can spread through our environment. They also leave a residue in the bones and other tissues of animals. In human beings, heavy metals can damage various internal organs, bones, and the nervous system. Many can also cause cancer.

12. __________________comes from such sources as cars, aeroplanes, construction sites, industrial equipment and your noisy neighbours. Noise does not dirty the air, water, or land, but it can cause stress (sleepless nights and general irritation) and hearing loss in human beings and other animals.

(http://www.iol.ie/~foeeire/typesofpollotion.html)

2. Now fill in the gaps with the following sub-headings:

a) Solid wasteb) Radiationc) Air pollutiond) Open dumpse) Outdoor air pollutionf) Noise pollutiong) Water pollutionh) Heavy metalsi) Pesticidesj) Indoor air pollutionk) Hazardous wastel) Soil pollution

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1. Choose the best word from below to fill each gap:

Environmental Subsidies for Business and Industry

Offering subsidies to business and industry can be a ______________ 1. policy measure, prompting objections on the _______________ 2. of unfair competition, distortions to international trade and inefficiency. In addition, in the environmental arena, pressures on government and industry have increased with the introduction of the polluter pays principle (PPP)the assertion that polluting companies ________________ 3. bear the cost of measures to reduce pollution has meant that the legitimacy of environmental subsidies has been questioned. Nevertheless, environment ministers from OECD countries have accepted that various forms of economic ________________ 4. must be used in working towards environmental policy goals. In _______________ 5., most European countries have made exceptions to the PPP, and a range of incentive schemes now supports the transition to environmental sustainability.

Independent research into environmental finance _______________ 6. that using these incentives as policy instruments is perfectly compatible with market competitiveness. On the _______________ 7. of econometric analysis, it has been argued that supporting environmental R&D, technological innovation and diffusion _______________ 8. firms with very appropriate means to avoid damaging the environment, and that it ultimately has a positive effect on economic growth. OECD research has also supported the view that financially assisting the transfer to cleaner technologies is _______________ 9. justifiable if the costs are offset by cumulative environmental and social gains (OECD, 1994).

Of the environmental finance offered directly to industry in Europe, the themes range from general environmental protection and investment to specific research and development________________ 10. These incentives typically support cleaner technology, environmental auditing, implementing environmental management systems, skills training, ________________ 11. transport and sector specific development. For technology alone, a comparative survey published in 1997 identified 34 incentives operational in the EU member states (Clement, 1997). Broader aims of environmental _________________ 12. include raising awareness of global issues surrounding sustainable development and encouraging companies to develop strategic responses through sustainable business planning.

This could ________________ 13. improvements in operating costs, resource efficiency and the management or recycling of waste, and perhaps even identify business opportunities emerging from forthcoming environmental legislation.

Three main forms of environmental incentive are utilized by European governments. These comprise grants, soft loans (offered at belowmarket rates of interest or with repayment holidays) and tax concessions through accelerated depreciation allowances. Grants tend to dominate, particularly amongst environmental technology schemes, ________________ 14. for 60% of the assistance available; soft loans comprise 30% of the total and special depreciation allowances account for the remaining 10%. Reflecting the specialist needs of SMEs, environmental incentives sometimes contain an SME clause, i.e. a statement that small and medium-sized firms are to be given _________________ 15., higher rates of award or exclusive access. This can be linked to location, for example with all firms being eligible in enterprise zones, but only SMEs outside these zones.

(http://www.environmental-center.com/magazine/wiley/0961-0405/3.pdf)

1. a) suspect

b) litigious

c) controversial

d) contentious

2. a) motivations

b) grounds

c) reasons

d) excuses

3. a) must

b) may

c) should

d) could

4. a) instruments

b) apparata

c) devices

d) machinery

5. a) case

b) fact

c) advance

d) practice

6. a) rejoinders

b) maintains

c) retorts

d) reacts

7. a) base

b) basis

c) basics

d) based

8. a) awards

b) grants

c) allocates

d) provides

9. a) cost-effectively

b) economically

c) efficiently

d) savingly

10. a) applications

b) appliances

c) articles

d) trappings

11. a) manageable

b) admissible

c) allowable

d) sustainable

12. a) incentives

b) motivations

c) perquisites

d) stimulants

13. a) assimilate

b) comprehend

c) encompass

d) incorporate

14. a) explaining

b) accounting

c) making

d) sending

15. a) mention

b) preference

c) note

d) prominence

2. Match the following words and expressions with their corresponding definitions:

1. Acid rain

2. Species extinction

3. Greenhouse effect

4. Global warming

5. Pollution

6. Depletion of the ozone layera) warming of the Earths surface as a result of atmospheric pollution by gases. It is now feared that the warming effects are being undesirably increased, causing climate changes and melting polar icecaps.

b) rain that contains dilute acid derived from burning fossil fuels and that is potentially harmful to the environment.

c) damaging of the layer of the upper atmosphere, where most atmospheric ozone collects, absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

d) the death or ceasing to exist of all members of a species or family of organisms.

e) an increase in the worlds temperatures, believed to be caused in part by the greenhouse effect and depletion of the ozone layer.

f) the act of polluting something, especially the natural environment; the state or condition of being polluted, or the presence of pollutants

3. Word Formation. Fill in the gaps below with the appropriate forms of the words environment and pollution:1. The manifesto includes tough measures to tackle road congestion and environmental _________________.

2. Sulphur dioxide is one of several _________________.that are released into the atmosphere by coal-fired power stations.

3. The fertilizers and pesticides used on many farms are _________________.the water supply.4. Certain chemicals have been banned because of their damaging effect on the _________________..5. His message was widely publicized in the popular media and championed by political commentators traditionally opposed to _________________.policies.

6. Claims made by environmentalists about global warming, overpopulation, energy, deforestation, species loss, water shortages, and a variety of other issues are exaggerations unsupported by a proper analysis of _________________.data.

7. MIT joins a number of local institutions that have decided to design their new developments in an _________________.-friendly way.

4. Waste. CollocationsA. Match the following words with the noun waste to form suitable collocations: organic, household, minimisation, generation, collection, oil, packaging, dumping, stream, hazardous, toxic, disposal:

_________________ waste

_________________ waste

_________________ waste

_________________ waste

_________________ waste

_________________ wastewaste _________________

waste _________________

waste _________________

waste _________________

waste _________________

waste _________________

B.Now match the collocations you found above with their corresponding definitions:

1. ____________________ Solid waste composed of garbage and rubbish, which normally originates from houses.

2. ____________________ A term applied to those wastes that because of their chemical reactivity, toxic, explosive, corrosive, radioactive or other characteristics, cause danger, or are likely to cause danger, to health or the environment.

3. ____________________ The collection, sorting, transport and treatment of waste as well as its storage and tipping above or under ground.

4. ____________________ Refuse posing a significant hazard to the environment or to human health when improperly handled; includes carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic or phytotoxic wastes, or wastes harmful to aquatic species, or poisonous wastes.

5. ____________________ Measures and/or techniques that reduce the amount of wastes generated during any domestic, commercial and industrial process.

6. ____________________ The periodic or on-demand removal of solid waste from primary source locations using a collection vehicle and followed by the depositing of this waste at some central facility or disposal site.

7. ____________________ Oil arising as a waste product of the use of oils in a wide range of industrial and commercial activities, such as engineering, power generation and vehicle maintenance and should be properly disposed of, or treated in order to be reused.

8. ____________________ The disposal of solid wastes without environmental controls.

9. ____________________ The total flow of solid waste from homes, businesses, institutions and manufacturing plants that is recycled, burned, or disposed of in landfills, or segments thereof such as the 'residential waste stream' or the 'recyclable waste stream.'

10. ___________________ Waste comprised of materials, or items, used to protect, contain or transport a commodity or product and usually considered a type of consumer waste.

11. ___________________ The weight or volume of materials and products that enter the waste stream before recycling, composting, landfilling or combustion takes place. Also can represent the amount of waste generated by a given source or category of sources.

12. ___________________ Waste containing carbon compounds.

GLOSSARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TERMS

Aabsorption n. - absorbie

acid rain n. - ploaie acid

acidification n. - acidifiere

active ingredient n. - principiu/ingredient activ

adsorption n. - adsorbie, acumulare de substan la suprafaa solului

advanced wastewater treatment n. - epurare avansat a apei reziduale

aeolian energy n. - energie eolian

aerosol n. - aerosol

agricultural structure n. - structur agricol

agri-environmental indicator n. - indicator agro-ecologic

alien /exotic species n. pl. - specii exoticealternative energy n. - energie alternativ / neconvenional

ambient air n. - aer ambiantaquaculture n. - acvacultur

aquifer n. - acvifer

arable land n. - teren arabil

atmospheric emission inventory guidebook n. - ndrumtorul inventarului emisiunilor atmosferice

avoid a disaster v. - a evita o catastrof

B background level n. - ncrcare natural de bazbackground noise n. - zgomot de fond

bagged waste n. - deeuri depozitate n saci

balance n. - echilibru

ban n. - interdicie

ban v. - a interzice

BAT (best available techniques) n. - tehnici optime disponibile

bathing water n. - ap de baie

bedrock n. - roc de subsol

biochemical oxygen demand n. - cerere de oxigen biochimic

biodegradable adj. - biodegradabil

biodiesel n. - biodieselbioenergy n. - bioenergie

biofuel n. - biocombustibil, combustibil biologic, biocarburantbiogas n. - biogaz

biological diversity / biodiversity n. - diversitate biologic, biodiversitate

biological wastewater treatment n. - epurare biologic a apelor reziduale

biomass n. - biomasblack smoke n. - fum negrubooms n. pl. - plas plutitoare de protecie

bottle bank n. - container de colectare a sticlei (care urmeaz s fie reciclat)

breeding bird n. - psri clocitoare

buffer zone n. - zon tamponbulky waste n. - deeuri grosiereburden sharing n. - repartizarea sarcinilor financiareC CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) n. - politic agricol comun

CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) n. - mecanism de dezvoltare curat

CFC (ChloroFluoroCarbon) n. - clorofluorcarbonchemicals n. pl. - produse chimice

clean up v. - a cura, a depolua

climatic / climate change n. - schimbri climatice

coastal waters n. pl. - ape litoralecogeneration / combined heat and power generation n. - producie combinat cldur-energie

common agricultural policy n. - politic agricol comun

company environmental policy n. - politica ecologic a firmei

composting n. - compostare

confine an oil spill v. - a opri extinderea unei pete de ulei

conservation n. - conservarea resurselor naturale

conservationist n. - ecologist, adept al protejrii naturii

conserve energy v. - a conserva energia

contaminated land / site n. - loc/teren contaminat

continental shelf n. - platform continentalconurbation n. - aglomeraie urbancrop rotation n. - asolament, rotaia culturilorD deforestation n. - despdurire

depressed area n. - zon defavorizat

desertification n. - deertificare, degradarea solului

diesel fuel n. - combustibil Diesel, motorin

diffuse pollution n. - poluare difuzdischarge v. - a descrca, a deversa

disposal of waste n. - eliminarea/evacuarea deeurilor

disposal plant n. - loc de depozitare unde are loc o procesare a deeurilor

disposal site / landfill n. - groap de gunoi (cu resturi menajere); (n sens ecologic) groap ecologic

district heating n. - termoficare (a cartierelor, n orae)domestic / household waste n. - deeuri menajere

domestic tourism n. - turism interndrainage area / basin n. - bazin hidrograficdrinking water n. - ap potabil

drop chemical dispersants v. - a folosi dispersani

dump n. - deversare, descrcare (de deeuri)

dump v. - a deversa, a descrca (deeuri)E eco-development n. - dezvoltare ecologic

eco-friendly adj. - ecologic ( despre produs)

ecological advertising n. - publicitate ecologic

ecologist n. - ecologist

eco-product n. - produs ecologic

eco-system n. - eco-sistem

eco-tax n. - impozit ecologic

ecotourism n. - ecoturism, turism ecologic

effluent n. - gaz sau lichid poluant

EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) n. - evaluarea compatibilitii ecologice

electrical and electronic waste n. - deeuri electrice i electronice

EPE (environmental programme for Europe) n. - Programul Ecologic pentru Europa

electricity / power generation n. - producie de energie

emission n. - emisiune (de gaze)

endangered species n. pl. - specii pe cale de dispariie / periclitate

endemic species n. pl. - specii endemice, caracteristice unei anumite zone geograficeenvironmental adj. - referitor la mediu, ecologic

environmental impact assessment n. - studiu referitor la impactul asupra mediului nconjurtor

environmental protection agency n. - agenia de protecie a mediului nconjurtor

environmental protection n. - protecia mediului nconjurtor

environmental risk n. - risc ecologicenvironmental taxes n. pl. - impozit ecologic

environmentalist n. - adept al proteciei mediului nconjurtor

environmentally friendly adj. - ecologic, care respect mediul nconjurtor

EPE (Environmental Programme for Europe) n. - Programul Ecologic pentru Europa

ex-situ conservation n. - conservare ex-situexhaust n. - gaze de eapament

extensive farming n. - agricultur extensivextinct species n. pl. - specii pe cale de dispariieF fertiliser n. - ngrmnt

fine n. - amend

fish farm n. - cresctorie de pete, piscicultur

fish stock n. - populaie de pete, inventar de pete viu

fossil fuel n. - combustibil fosil

freshwater n. - ap dulce

fuel n. - combustibil

fumes n. pl. - emanaii toxice, fum, vapori G gas n. - gaz

genetic flow n. - flux genetic

global warming n. - nclzirea planetei

GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) n. - organism modificat geneticgreen lobbying n. - grup de presiune ecologist, lobby ecologist /verde

green product n. - produs ecologic

greenhouse effect n. - efect de ser

greenhouse gas n. - gaz de ser

greens n. pl. - ecologiti

groundwater n. - ap freatic

H halocarbon / halogenated hydrocarbon n. - hidrocarbon halogenat

harmful adj. - nociv, duntor, toxic

hazard n. - pericol, ameninare, dezastru

hazardous adj. - periculos

hazardous waste n. - deeuri periculoasehealth hazard n. - pericol pentru sntate

heavily modified water body n. - mas de ap puternic modificatherbicide n. - ierbicid

HFC (HydroFluoro-Carbon) n. - hidrofluorocarbonI incinerator / incineration plant n. - incineratorindustrial waste n. - deeuri industriale

infestation n. - infestare

inland water n. - ape interioare/ continentaleinshore adv. - la rm, aproape de rm, spre mal / coast

in-situ conservation n. - conservare in-situ

Integrated Coastal Zone Management n. - Management integrat al litoralului

Integrated Crop Management / farming n. - Management integrat al produciei vegetaleintegrated environmental assessment n. - evaluare / apreciere integrat a mediului nconjurtor

integrated pest control n. - control antiparazitar integrat

intensive agriculture / farming n. - agricultur intensivinterest group n. - grup de intereseinvasive species n. - specii invadatoareJ junk n. - deeuri, rebuturi, gunoaie

L lag time n. - timp de retardare

land clearing n. - defriareland cover n. - acoperirea terenului (cu arii de vegetaie, roci, ape); descrierea (bio)fizic a suprafeei pmntului

land development n. - dezvoltare funciar (planificarea infrastructurilor, serviciilor, aezmintelor industriale)

land take n. - ocuparea terenului, utilizarea solului pentru infrastructur

land use n. - utilizarea / afectarea terenului / soluluilandfill n. - groap de gunoi (cu resturi menajere); (n sens ecologic) groap ecologic

landscape n. - peisajland-use planning n. - planificarea utilizrii terenului

leaded fuel n. - combustibil pe baz de plumb

leak n. - scurgere

less favoured areas n. pl. - zone defavorizatelife cycle n. - ciclu vital / de vialife cycle analysis n. - analiza ciclului de via

life cycle cost n. - costurile ciclului vital / de via

litter receptacles n. pl. - containere de colectat gunoiul

M manure n. - ngrmnt natural; gunoi, blegarmarine environment n. - mediu marinmaterial recovery / reclamation n. - recuperare de materiale

mining waste n. - deeuri de min / miniere

municipal waste n. - deeuri urbanemunicipal wastewater / sewage / discharge n. - ap rezidual urban

N native / indigenous species n. pl. - specii indigenenoise barrier n. - barier fonic

noise map n. - topografie sonor

noise pollution n. - poluare fonic / sonornon-conventional energy n. - energie neconvenional

non-renewable resource n. - resurse naturale epuizabile / neregenerabilenoxious adj. - nociv

nuclear dump n. - loc de depozitare a deeurilor nucleare

nuclear plant n. - uzin nuclear

nuclear power n. - energie nuclear

nuclear waste n. - deeuri nucleare

nutrient balance n. - balana /echilibrul substanelor nutritivenutrient removal n. - eliminarea substanelor nutritiveO offshore adv. - n larg, pe mare, departe de rm

oil spill n. - pat de petrol, maree neagr

old-growth forest n. - pdure cu lemn btrn

organic agriculture / farming n. - agricultur organic/ biologicorganic matter n. - materie organic

organic waste n. - deeuri organiceoverexploitation n. - exploatare excesivoverfishing n. - pescuit excesiv

overgrazing n. - punat excesivozone n. - ozon

ozone depletion /-depleting potential n. - potenial de subiere a stratului de ozonozone layer depletion n. - subierea stratului de ozonozone layer n. - strat de ozon

ozone-depleting substance n. - substane distrugtoare de ozonP packaging waste n. - deeuri de ambalaj

particulate matter n. - substan n particule (praf, fum, funingine, polen, etc)

performance indicator n. - indicator de performan

pesticide n. - pesticid

PFC (PerFluoroCarbon) n. - perfluorcarbon

policy-maker n. - factor de decizie, decident

polluter pays principle n. - principiul cel care polueaz trebuie s plteasc

pollutant n. - produs poluant

pollute v. - a polua

polluter n. - surs de poluare

pollution load n. - ncrcare cu noxepollution n. - poluare

pollution prevention n. - prevenirea poluriipollution rights and permits n. pl. - permis de poluare

preservation n. - protecie, ocrotire

primary energy n. - surs de energie primarprimary particles n. pl. - particule primare produse din emisii directe de aerproduct tax n. - tax /impozit pe produs

projection n. - prognozare

public water supply n. - aprovizionare central cu apR rain forest n. - pdure tropical/ecuatorial

rare species n. pl. - specii rare

raw material n. - materie prim

recycle v. - a recicla, a refolosi

recycling n. - reciclare

refuse n. - deeuri, resturi

regulatory instrument n. - instrument juridic / normativ

remediation n. - remediere, reabilitare a unui teren afectat

renewable adj. - capabil de a fi refcut, rennoit

repository n. - loc de depozitare

reprocessing n. - reprelucrare, retratare

residue n. - reziduu

resource depletion n. - pauperizarea resurselorrestoration n. - restaurarereusable adj. - refolosibil

reusable waste n. - deeuri refolosibile

reuse n. - reutilizareriver / hydrographic basin n. - bazin hidrograficriver basin district n. - district hidrograficrubbish depots n. pl. - locuri de depozitare a deeurilor, gunoiului

rubbish n. - gunoi, resturi

run aground v. - a eua (despre vapor)

rural tourism n. - turism ruralS salvage v. - a salva

scoop up v. - a colecta, a strnge

scoping n. - definirea mrimii studiului de impact

sensitive area n. - zon / areal sensibil()/ vulnerabil()

separate collection n. - colectare separat a deeurilor solidesewage / wastewater treatment plant n. - staie de tratare a apelor reziduale

sewage sludge n. - nmol din ape uzate

site of community importance n. - loc / teren / spaiu de importan comunitarskim v. - a cura suprafaa apei

slick n. - pelicul / pat de ulei

sludge n. - nmolsmokestack n. - furnal, co de fum al unei uzine

soil compaction n. - compactarea solului solar energy/power n. - energie solar

sorption n. - sorbieSPA (Special Protection Area) n. - zon special de proteciespecial area of conservation n. - zon special de conservare

species n. - specie

spill n. - deversare, scurgere de lichide toxice

spillage n. - cantitate pierdut prin scurgere

stakeholder n. - parte interesatstate of the environment n. - starea mediului nconjurtor

stationary source n. - surs staionarstrategic environmental assessment n. - evaluare strategic a mediului nconjurtor

substitute n. - substitut, nlocuitor

surface water n. - ap de suprafa

surface water status n. - starea apei de suprafa

sustainability indicator n. - indicator de dezvoltare durabilsustainable development indicator n. - indicator de dezvoltare susinut

sustainable development/growth n. - dezvoltare/cretere durabilT tap water n. - ap potabil (de la robinet)

thermal pollution n. - poluare termicthermal power plant n. - central termicthinning of the ozone layer n. - subierea stratului de ozon

threatened species n. - specii periclitatetidal power / energy n. - energie mareictop soil n. - sol superficialtoxic waste n. - deeuri toxice

transboundary pollution n. - poluare transfrontalierU UAA (Utilised Agriculture Area) n. - zon agricol exploatat

unbalance n. - dezechilibru

underground water table n. - pnz freatic

uninfested food n. - hran neinfestat

unleaded adj. - fr plumb

untreated wastewater n. - ap rezidual netratat

upwelling n. - ap ascendenturban / wastewater sewage n. - ap rezidual urban

urban sprawl n. - extinderea urbanizriiuser charge n. - tax de utilizareuser-pays principle n. - principiul utilizatorul plteteW wastage n. - risip

waste collection n. - colectarea deeurilorwaste disposal n. - dearjarea deeurilorwaste dumping n. - dearjarea necontrolat a deeurilor

waste generation n. - producere/generare de deeuri

waste minimisation n. - minimalizarea deeurilor

waste n. - deeuri

waste oil n. - ulei uzat

waste stream n. - flux de deeuri

waste water n. - ape reziduale / poluate

wastewater treatment plant n. - staie de tratare a apelor reziduale

water consumption n. - consum de ap

water demand n. - necesar de apwater erosion n. - eroziunea (rocilor) prin ap

water supply n. - alimentare cu ap; rezerv de ap

water treatment plant n. - uzin/instalaie de tratare a apelor

water use n. - utilizare a apei

waterproofing n. - protecie natural mpotriva apei

watershed n. - cumpna apelor

weed n. - buruieniwild relative n. - specii slbatice nruditewildlife n. - animalele slbatice, animalele i plantele, natura

wind energy n. - energie eolian

wind erosion n. - eroziune eolianZzooplankton n. - zooplancton (animal microscopic care plutete liber n aer)

UNIT EIGHTECONOMICS

I. READING COMPREHENSION

1.Read the following text about monetary policies in India:

Monetary Policy Expectations

by ASHIMA GOYAL

The Monetary and Credit Policy (MCP) changes the relative attractiveness of options available to the investing public. Twice a year the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announces the future course of money and credit supply and financial reforms. Earlier we had a rigid system in which the RBI would set all interest rates. Reforms have gradually freed almost all interest rates. Since daily responsiveness to liquidity needs is being enhanced, the discrete measures that are announced in the bi-annual MCP are becoming less important--the MCP is making itself redundant. But since variation in and impact of interest rates have risen, monetary policy itself has become more important.

Now the RBI has to use more indirect methods to influence market-determined interest rates. The October 1997 Monetary policy reactivated the Bank Rate, the rate at which banks can get refinance, and this has been gradually lowered from 12 per cent to 7 per cent on 1st April. Other measures included in the package announced on that date were a reduction in the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) to 8 per cent, in the Repo Rate to 5 per cent, and in Bank Savings Deposit Rates to 4 per cent.

Since inflation rates have been low (at 3 per cent) for a year now, foreign exchange reserves have increased recently to $38 billion, and the RBI has shown that it can manage the government borrowing requirements, interest rates can safely fall, without putting pressures to lower the rupee. The RBI is following trends in Asia, where interest rates are being lowered to boost the recovery, and inflation rates are falling. Around the world countries growing at higher than five per cent have low and falling inflation. The reason is that high growth facilitates re-structuring towards lower cost new technology. With low expected inflation and a strong currency, high nominal interest rates imply high real interest rates, which can lower growth.

The RBI is moving from its earlier practice of targeting money supply growth rates to responding to monetary indicators such as interest and exchange rates. This will allow a more flexible expansion of credit in response to need. Since measures have already been taken to encourage lower interest rates, the new MCP will focus on continuing reforms to deepen financial markets, and make them more flexible and efficient in managing risk. The Government debt market, derivatives and other hedging instruments will receive attention.

At present there are still structural rigidities in the system. Banks have yet to learn to live with flexible rates. In cutting the savings deposit rate--the only regulated interest rate in the system, the RBI has shown its concern for bank profits, and for giving them time to adapt. The Bank and short-term Repo Rate strongly influence short-term interest rates. Longer-term interest rates are more rigid, but they do respond to the supply of money. The cut in CRR will raise money available with banks and lower longer-run interest rates. RBI credit is the monetary base, which determines the money supply and overall liquidity; this is becoming more demand determined in the short-term, but the RBI has instruments of control such as open market operations.

Ideally the MCP should push the system to a point where real variables are stable around equilibrium values while small variations in nominal variables allow markets to adapt. With a stable rupee and low inflation the real Indian interest rate, for example, should be lowered to international rates. This is high enough to give a positive return to savings. Moreover, bank-lending rates can fall more than borrowing rates if costs fall and spreads are lowered. As reforms promote re-structuring and efficiency, helped by new technology; smooth treasury management lowers transaction costs; and the CRR is lowered, costs will fall. Use of asset-liability management is essential for banks in a regime of variable interest rates, and fee based services can help maintain their profits even with competitive pressure on spreads. As lower interest rates stimulate industry, returns from equity and mutual funds will rise, thus providing other avenues for savings. Individual investors will have to opportunity to participate in the fruits of growth at lower transaction costs; bank deposits and a deepening government debt market will continue to offer positive real rates of return to the more conservative. Banks earnings will also expand, as demand for new kinds of services will rise with growth.

(http://www.igidr.ac.in/~ashima)2.Choose the correct answer to the following questions:

1. The Monetary and Credit Policy has lost its previous importance

1. because of many successful social reforms that have been carried out recently in India.

2. as banks can themselves establish interest rates according to demand.

3. as it reduced the Cash Reserve Ratio.

4. as foreign exchange reserves have increased to $38 billion.

2. The growth in money supply may lead to low inflation and a strong currency as long as

1. the growth is higher than 5%.

2. government can manage borrowing requirements.

3. nominal interest rates are kept low.

4. technology is competitive.

3. The Monetary and Credit Policy will now turn its attention to

a) increasing financial markets ability towards risk management.

b) elaborating a system of bi-annual interest rate setting.

c) long-term debt financing.

d) restructuring the monetary system.

4. The reduction in the Cash Reserve Ratio leads to

a) stronger controls over open market operations.

b) a more flexible expansion of credit.

c) structural rigidities in the system.

d) an increase in the banks money supply and therefore liquidity.

5. A decrease in interest rates will benefit everybody in the long run, as

a) banks will expand their services range.

b) both individual and institutional investment will be stimulated.

c) conservative people will be catered to.

d) technology will develop.

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1.Fill in the gaps in the text below with the missing words:

Economic Growth

Economic growth refers to the increase in the value of goods and services produced by an economy. It is conventionally measured as the rate of increase in Gross National Product. Growth is usually calculated in real terms (i.e. netting out the effect of inflation on the price of the goods and services produced).

The Gross National Product of an economy is often used as an 1. of the wealth of an economy, and economic growth is therefore often seen as indicating an increase in wealth. This is often the case, but there are many 2 and services that are not synonymous with increasing wealth, and economic growth can be present in an economy even though a large amount of destruction is taking place and wealth is decreasing - a prime example of this is some 3..

Explaining economic growth is one of the central questions in economics. Growth can be divided into two major categories: growth through increases in input (eg. capital, labor) and improvements in 4 (eg. new technologies).

Small differences in the rate of growth between two countries can lead to large cumulative differences in income over time. These differences in income can have a major impact on people's 5.. of living and on migration.

Analysis of economic success shows a close correlation with climate. Cold states like Sweden are much more successful than warm countries like Nigeria. In early human history, economic as well as cultural 6. was concentrated in warmer parts of the word, like Egypt. Today, however, cold, Northern states have much higher per capita GDP's compared to the hot, tropical states. This aspect of economics (economic geography) - and its influence on human migration and political 7.. - was extensively studied by Ellsworth Huntington, a professor of Economics at Yale University in the early 20th century.

The rate or style of economic growth may have important consequences for both 'the 8 ' (i.e. the climate and natural capital of ecologies). Concerns about possible negative 9 of growth on the environment and on human society lead some to advocate lower levels of growth, e.g. in human development theory from which comes the idea of 10. growth, and Green parties which argue that economies are part of a global society and a global ecology, and cannot 11.. their natural growth without damaging them. Canadian scientist David Suzuki stated in the 1990s that ecologies can only typically grow about 1.5-3% new growth per year, and thus any requirement for agriculture or 12.. to return greater than these rates, will necessarily cannibalize the natural capital of soil or forest. Some think that this argument can be applied to even developed world 13.. Mainstream economists would argue that economies are driven by new technology. For instance, we have faster computer today than a year ago, but not necessarily physically more computers. That is, we may have been able to break free from physical 14 by relying on more knowledge rather than more physical production.

A concern for promoting economic growth over and above all less measurable considerations is a symptom of 15.. - usually a pejorative term.

(http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth)

a) impacts

b) environment

c) standard

d) economies

e) structures

f) productivism

g) indicator

h) developmenti) limitations

j) outstrip

k) goods

l) forestry

m) wars

n) uneconomic

o) productivity

2. Collocations. Combine the following words to form suitable collocations with capital: assets, social, allowance, working, gains, working, investment, fixed, consumption, loan, inflow, share:_____________ capital

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________capital _____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

3.Now match the collocations you found above with their correct definitions:

1. ___________________ depreciation of capital caused by the obsolescence of capital goods.2. ___________________ the money that a business has available for use, the amount of current assets that remains after current liabilities are deducted.

3. ____________________ the money which a companys shareholders have put in the concern to buy the real assets it needs to start up and carry on the business.

4. ____________________ money that is invested or is available for investment in a new company, especially a risky one.

5. ____________________ a movement of capital into a country in the form of securities trading, the acquisition of companies, and loans by foreign companies.

6. ____________________ money spent by a company on fixed assets and deducted from its profits before taxes are calculated.

7. ____________________ money which is spent on buildings and equipment to increase the effectiveness of a business.

8. ____________________ the part of the capital of a business which is represented by the value of producer goods, i.e. goods held and used to produce he products which the business sells.

9. ____________________ a debt owed by a company to one or more creditors who have lent money to it.

10. ____________________ profits made by selling property or an investment.

11. ____________________ the buildings and machines owned by a business or other organization.

12. ____________________ large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and air transport systems, telephone, telex and radio communications, needed to support economic activity, esp. industry, trade and commerce.

4.Synonyms. Read the following text about supply and demand and find words which mean the following:

1. capital

2. functioning

3. productivity

4. stimulus

5. accomplished

6. allocate7. market

8. conspicuous

9. weigh up

10. compensate

11. basically

12. paradigm

Supply and Demand

An old story says that if you want an 'educated economist,' all you have to do is get a parrot and train the bird to squawk 'supply and demand' in response to every question about the economy!

Not smart enough, but... It's true that the theory of supply and demand is a central part of economics. It is widely applicable, and also is a model of the way economists try to think most problems through.

The theory of supply and demand is a theory of price and output in competitive markets.

Adam Smith (1723 - 1790) had argued that each good or service has a 'natural price.' If the price (of bread, for example), is above the natural price, then more resources will be attracted into the trade (bakeries, in the example), and the price will return to its 'natural' level.

We may think of demand as a force tending to increase the price of a good, and of supply as a force tending to reduce the price. When the two forces balance one another, the price would neither rise nor fall, but would be stable. This stability leads us to think of an 'equilibrium' price. This 'equilibrium' exists when the price is just high enough so that the quantity supplied just equals the quantity demanded.

At equilibrium, there is no competition either to buy or to sell, because everyone can buy or sell however much they may wish, at the going price. But whenever the market is away from equilibrium, competition will arise and tend to force it back.

Alfred Marshall (1842 - 1924) compared the supply and demand sides to the two blades of scissors One won't cut by itself. You have to have both!

One of the key words in economics is 'allocation.' To allocate resources is to determine who gets the use of what resources. An obvious case of allocation of resources is when market processes of bidding, buying and selling determines who gets the use of what resources. That is, in effect, markets can allocate resources.

Accordingly, economics is centrally concerned with the workings of markets, and with the question, how do markets allocate resources? One answer to that question is expressed in the familiar phrase, 'Supply and Demand.'

The allocation of resources through markets is a complex process. There are several models of resource allocation through markets, but the model of 'Supply and Demand' is the best known and most widely used model.

(http://www.greekshares.com/supdem.asp)5.Antonyms. Read the following text about business cycles and find words which mean the opposite of the following:

1. detractors

2. upturn

3. unites

4. similarity

5. prosperous

6. introduction7. partially

8. disbelief

9. undermined

10. adequate

11. logical

12. negligible

Business Cycle

Business cycles are widely considered to be an inevitable consequence of free markets (or of 'capitalism'), in which periods of relatively rapid economic growth alternate with periods of relative stagnation or decline. The periods of rapid growth are driven by increases in productivity, efficiency, and consumer confidence. These growth periods usually end with the failure of speculative investments built on a bubble of confidence that bursts or deflates. The periods of stagnation reflect a purging of unsuccessful enterprises as resources are transferred by market forces from less productive uses to more productive uses.

Because the periods of stagnation are painful for many who lose their jobs, there has been pressure for politicians to try to smooth out the oscillations. The first President of the United States to try this was Herbert Hoover. Hoover's efforts are widely, though not universally, believed to have turned what probably would have been a normal downturn of several months to a year into the Great Depression.

This highlights the difficulty of managing the money supply in any free-market society. By some theorists, notably nineteenth-century advocates of communism, this difficulty was deemed insurmountable. Karl Marx in particular claimed that the constant business cycle crises of capitalism were so inefficient as to cause the workers to eventually revolt, instituting some variant of what is now called socialism. It's interesting to note that Marx and Engels' 1848 specific demands in the Communist Manifesto are now almost wholly implemented throughout the once-capitalist world, with the sole exception of the abolishment of rents in land. This suggests that the analysis had merits, and that each business cycle, including the Great Depression which brought the reforms of Franklin D. Roosevelt (the 'New Deal'), strengthened social democrats in the political arena, empowering them to reduce the severity of the next cycle - or at least, to try to do so, whether they can do so or not. A result of this has been strong centralization of economic power in all Western democracies, and control of money by their central banks.

Modern business cycle theory often measures growth by using the flawed measure of Gross Domestic Product, which is not useful for measuring well-being, a flaw often noted by its own originators. Accordingly, there is a mismatch between the state of economic health as perceived by the individual and that perceived by the bankers and economists, which most likely drives them further apart politically.

Business cycle theory has been more effective in microeconomics where it aids in the preparation of risk management scenarios and timing investment, especially in infrastructural capital that must pay for itself over a long period, and which must fund itself by cashflow in late years. When planning such large investments, it is often useful to use the anticipated business cycle as a baseline, so that unreasonable assumptions, e.g. constant exponential growth, are more easily eliminated.

(http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/business_cycle) GLOSSARYOF ECONOMICSA abnormal loss n. - pierdere anormal (situaie n care veniturile totale nu acoper costurile totale)

abnormal profits n. pl. - profituri anormale/ excedentare (situaie n care o firm obine un profit peste necesarul desfurrii activitilor sale economice)

absolute total loss n. - pierdere total real

absolute advantage n. - avantaj absolut al rii care realizeaz produse la costuri mai sczute/mai eficient dect alte ri

absolute poverty n. - stare de srcie absolut (sub limita nivelului de trai)

access to capital market n. - accesul la piaa de capital

activity rate n. - gradul / rata de ocupare a populaiei active

ad valorem adv. - n funcie de valoare, (adugat) la valoare

ad valorem tax n. - impozite/ taxe stabilite ca procent din preul de vnzare/valoarea produsului

advanced country n. - ar avansat din punct de vedere economic

aerospace industry n. - industria aeronautic i spaial

affluent society n. - societate bogat

age pyramid n. - piramida vrstelor

ageing n. - mbtrnirea populaiei

aggregate demand n. - cerere global

aggregate supply n. - ofert global

agricultural production n. - producie agricol

agricultural sector n. - sectorul agricol

agro-business n. - industria agro-alimentar

agro-tourism n. - agro-turism

alternative sources of energy n. pl. - surse de energie alternativ / neconvenionale

amalgamation n. - fuziune

amortisation n. - amortizare

ancillary unit n. - unitate subsidiar

appropriate technology n. - tehnologie adecvat

arbitrage n. - arbitraj (operaiune combinat de cumprare i vnzare de valori sau bunuri , care se bazeaz pe aprecierea diferenelor de curs, sau de rata dobnzii)

arms industry n. - industria de armament

artificially stimulated demand n. - stimulare artificial a cererii

assembly line n. - linie de montaj

assets n. pl. - active

asset-stripping n. - vnzarea fracionat a activelor unei firme nerentabile

attrition n. - reducerea natural a personalului (prin pensionare, demisie sau deces)

audio-visual industry n. - audiovizualul

austerity n. - austeritate

autarky n. - autarhie, independen economic

automatic stabilisers n. pl. - factori de stabilizare automat

average adj. - mediu

average cost n. - cost mediu

average cost pricing n. - determinarea preurilor pe baza costurilor medii

average revenue n. - venit mediu provenit din vnzri i ncasri

average total cost n. - cost total mediu

B backward integration n. - integrare pe vertical prin fuzionarea unei firme cu una din firmele furnizoare de materii prime)

balance of payments n. - balan de pli

balance of trade n. - balan comercial

balanced budget n. - buget echilibrat

balancing items n. pl. - conturi rectificative; sold contabil

banking industry n. - sectorul bancar

barriers to entry n. pl. - bariere la intrare (economice sau tehnice, la intrarea unor noi produse pe pia)

barter n. - troc, schimb n natur

basic commodity n. - produs de baz

best-case scenario n. - varianta optimist

bilateral agreement n. - acord bilateral

bilateral aid n. - ajutor bilateral

birth rate n. - rata natalitii

black labour n. - munc la negru

black market n. - piaa / bursa neoficial /neagr

black / underground economy n. - economia disimulat/ subteran

boom n. - prosperitate, avnt economic

break even chart n. - grafic al pragului de rentabilitate

break even point n. - prag de rentabilitate

break monopoly v. - a dizolva / distruge un monopol

budget deficit n. - deficit bugetar

budget estimates n. pl. - previziuni bugetare

budget policy n. - politic bugetar

budget surplus n. - excedent bugetar

budgeting n. - elaborare i executare a bugetului

building industry n. - industria de construcii civile

built-in structural deficit n. - deficit structural

business cycle n. - ciclul activitii economice

business data processing n. - informatic de gestiune

business ethics n. pl. - etica afacerilor

business slowdown n. - ncetinire, reducere a activitii economice

business start-ups n. pl. - nfiinri de ntreprinderi

buying power n. - putere de cumprare

C capital assets n. pl. - mijloace fixe

capital consumption n. - depreciere a mijloacelor fixe

capital cost n. - cost direct de investiie

capital employed n. - capital utilizat

capital gain n. - plus valoare (creterea valorii diferenei dintre preul de vnzare i de achiziie a activelor)

capital gains tax n. - impozit asupra plusvalorii (n urma reevalurii patrimoniale)

capital goods n. pl. - mijloace de producie (instalaii. utilaje, construcii industriale, materii prime)

capital investment n. - investiii n mijloace de producie

capital output ratio n. - raportul capital-producie

capital reserves n. pl. - rezerve de capital

capital turnover n. - cifra de afaceri n utilizarea capitalului

capital-intensive industries n. pl. - industrii ale capitalurilor

car industry n. - industria automobilelor

cartel n. - cartel

casual labour n. - mn de lucru ocazional

cattle-raising n. - zootehnia

ceiling n. - plafon

Central Bank n. - Banca Naional

cheap labour n. - mn de lucru ieftin

chemical industry n. - industria chimic

closed economy n. - economie nchis

clothing industry n. - industria productoare de confecii

commodity exchange / market n. - bursa de mrfuri

comparative advantage n. - avantaj comparativ

competition n. - concuren

competitive economy n. - economie caracterizat de concuren

competitiveness n. - competitivitate

competitor n. - concurent

computer industry n. - industria informatic

consumer price index n. - indicele preurilor bunurilor de consum

consumer society n. - societate de consum

consumerism n. - protecia consumatorului

consumption n. - consum

corporate income tax n. - impozit asupra venitului societilor

Cost of Living Index n. - indicele costului de trai

cost of production n. - cheltuieli de producie

cost push inflation n. - inflaie determinat de creterea preurilor

counter-trade n. - comer interstatal n contrapartid

credit policy n. - politica creditelor

cripple economy v. - a paraliza economia (unei ri)

crisis n. - criz

crumbling economy n. - economie fragil, n decdere

curb v. - a reduce, a limita

currency appreciation n. - cretere valutar

currency depreciation n. - scdere valutar

current assets n. pl. - active circulante

current trend n. - conjunctur actual

customs clearance n. - formaliti vamale D debtor nation n. - stat cu o balan de pli deficitar

decline n. - decdere, declin

deflation n. - deflaie

demand curve n. - curb a cererii

demand led inflation n. - inflaie cauzat de cerere

demand theory n. - teoria cererii

demand variance n. - variaia cererii

demography n. - demografie

depression n. - descretere economic ce are ca rezultat o rat mare a omajului

deregulation n. - abolire a reglementrilor ce impun controale ale operaiunilor de pia; liberalizare (politica neintervenionist a statului)

devaluation n. - devalorizare (a valorii monedei interne n raport cu alte monede)

developed country n. - ar dezvoltat

developing country n. - ar n curs de dezvoltare

development aid n. - ajutor internaional pentru dezvoltare

direct costs n. pl. - costuri directe

direct taxation n. - impozitare direct

dismantling of the national economy n. - distrugerea economiei naionale

disposable income n. - venit disponibil (pentru cheltuial sau economisire)

distribution network n. - lan / circuit de distribuie

distribution of income n. - distribuia venitului

division of labour n. - diviziunea muncii

division of markets n. - mprirea pieelor de desfacere

domestic industry n. - industria naional

domestic /national output n. - producie fizic intern

double-digit inflation n. - inflaie cu dou cifre

downsize v. - a reduce (talia unei ntreprinderi) prin diminuarea numrului de angajai

downturn n. - tendin de regres

downward trend n. - tendin descendent

dumping n. - dumping, practicarea (la export) a unor preuri sub cele ale pieei respective

duopoly n. - duopol

durable goods n. pl. - bunuri de folosin ndelungat

E economic adaptiveness n. - adaptabilitate / flexibilitate economic

economic agent n. - agent economic

economic aggregates n. pl. - agregate economice

economic battle n. - lupt economic

economic data n. pl. - date economice

economic development n. - dezvoltare economic

economic downturn n. - recesiune economic

economic effects of taxation n. pl. - efectele economice ale impozitrii

economic efficiency principle n. - principiul eficienei economice

economic environment n. - mediu economic

economic evolution n. - evoluie economic

economic flow n. - flux economic

economic forecasts n. pl. - previziuni economice

economic freedom n. - libertate economic

economic geography n. - geografie economic

economic growth n. - cretere economic

economic indicator n. - indicator economic

economic infrastructure n. - infrastructur economic

economic literature n. - literatura de specialitate din domeniul economic

economic policy n. - politic economic

economic rent n. - rent (economic) (supravenitul unui factor de producie)

economic sovereignty n. - suveranitate economic

economic trend n. - tendin economic

economic welfare n. - bunstare economic

economical adj. - rentabil, economicos

economics n. pl. - tiine economice

economies of scale n. pl. - economii la scar (reducerea costurilor unitare prin creterea produciei)

economist n. - economist

economy n. - economie (naional); economisire

efficiency n. - eficien

elasticity of demand n. - elasticitatea cererii

elasticity of supply n. - elasticitatea ofertei

embargo n. - embargo

emerging country n. - ar nou aprut (pe pia)

employability n. - disponibilitatea forei de munc la angajare

entente n. - nelegere, acord

EQE (equal opportunity employer) n. - angajator (care angajeaz) fr prejudeci (rasiale, religioase, etc.); firm care ofer anse egale la angajare

equal opportunity policy n. - politica de promovare a anselor egale la angajare

equilibrium n. - stare de echilibru

equity principle n. - principiul echitii

excess demand n. - cerere excesiv

excess supply n. - ofert excesiv

exchange rate n. - rat de schimb

expansion n. - expansiune, dezvoltare

externality n. - externalitate, efect extern (efect de propagare a produciei sau a consumului, pentru care nu se efectueaz pli)

F factors of production n. pl. - factori de producie

fair competition n. - concuren loial

fall in consumption n. - scdere a consumului

fast-growing country n. - ar cu cretere rapid

financial market n. - pia financiar

finished product n. - produs finit

fiscal policy n. - politic fiscal

fixed costs n. pl. - costuri fixe

fluctuation n. - fluctuaie

food industry n. - industria alimentar

forecast n. - previziune

forest industry n. - industria forestier

foreign direct investments n. pl. - investiii strine directe

forward integration n. - integrare pe vertical, prin fuziunea unei firme cu una din firmele distribuitoare

free competition n. - concuren liber

free market n. - libera concuren, piaa liber

free trade n. - liber-schimb

free-trade area n. - zon de liber schimb

freehold land n. - proprietate funciar deplin

G GDP (Gross Domestic Product) n. - PIB (Produs Intern Brut)

give a boost to exports v. - a impulsiona exporturile

globalisation of economic problems n. - globalizarea problemelor economice

GNP (Gross National Product) n. - PNB (Produs Naional Brut)

GNP (Gross National Product) per capita n. - PNB (Produs Naional Brut) pe cap de locuitor

go global v. - a se mondializa, a se globaliza

government expenditure n. - cheltuieli guvernamentale

government intervention n. - intervenie guvernamental

grab a market share v. - a acapara un segment de pia

gross adj. - brut

growth rate n. - rat de cretere

H hard currency n. - valut forte

heavy industry n. - industria grea

heavy metallurgical industry n. - metalurgia grea

high-tech industry n. - industria de nalt tehnologie

hot money n. - capital speculativ

household consumption n. - consum casnic

human capital n. - capital uman n.

I imperfect competition n. - concuren imperfect

import duty n. - tax vamal

incidental and unforeseen expenses n. pl. - cheltuieli neprevzute

income tax n. - impozit pe venit

indebtedness n. - ndatorare

indexing n. - indexare

indirect taxation n. - impozitare indirect

industrial economy n. - economie industrial

industrialisation n. - industrializare

industrialised country n. - ar industrializat

inflationary consequences n. pl. - tendine inflaioniste

infrastructure n. - infrastructur

insurance industry n. - sectorul asigurrilor

interdependence of national markets n. - interdependena pieelor naionale

international trade n. - comer internaional

interest rate n. - rata dobnzii

invisible balance n. - balan invizibil

invisible trade n. - comer invizibil

involuntary unemployment n. - omaj involuntar

Iron and Steel Industry n. - industria metalurgic

J job security n. - sigurana locului de munc

jobless rate n. - rata omajului

joint-stock company n. - societate pe aciuni

L labour costs n. pl. - costurile cu fora de lucru

labour-intensive industries n. pl. - industrie ce necesit mult for de munc

lagging economy n. - economie n descretere

laisser-faire economy n. - economie liber

land reform n. - reform agrar

land tax n. - impozit funciar

large-scale adj. - pe scar larg

law of supply and demand n. - legea cererii i ofertei

leading indicator n. - indicator cheie

leading industries n. pl. - industriile de vrf

leading/cutting edge technology n. - tehnologie de vrf

leasing n. - leasing, locaie de gestiune, arend

less developed countries n. pl. - rile slab dezvoltate

life cycle n. - ciclul de via (al unui produs)

life expectancy n. - speran de via

light industry n. - industria uoar

limited liability company n. - societate cu rspundere limitat

liquidity ratio n. - coeficient de lichiditate

living standard n. - standard de via

long-term adj. - pe termen lung

luxury goods industry n. - industria produselor de lux

M macroeconomics n. pl. - macroeconomie

managed trade n. - comer dirijat

marginal costs n. pl. - costuri marginale

market economy n. - economie de pia

market opportunity n. - posibilitate de desfacere a produselor pe pia

market value n. - valoare de pia

mark-up n. - adaos comercial

mass retail n. - distribuie n mas

media n. - mass-media

median wage n. - salariu mediu

medium-term adj. - pe termen mediu

MFN (Most-Favoured-Nation Clause) n. - Clauza naiunii celei mai favorizate

microeconomics n. pl. - microeconomie

minimum guaranteed wage n. - salariu minim pe economie (garantat)

minimum wage n. - salariu minim

mixed economy n. - economie mixt

mobility of labour n. - mobilitatea forei de munc

monetary policy n. - politic monetar

money issuing n. - emisiune monetar

money supply n. - mas monetar

monopolistic competition n. - concuren de monopol

monopsony n. - monopson

mortality rate n. - rata mortalitii

movement of capital n. - micare de fonduri

movement of goods n. - micare de mrfuri

multinational company n. - companie multinaional

N national debt n. - datorie naional

national wealth n. - bogie/bunstare naional

nationalisation n. - naionalizare

natural person n. - persoan fizic

natural resources n. pl. - resurse naturale

natural unemployment n. - omaj natural

net adj. - net

niche n. - oportunitate pe o pia; ni de pia

non-wage costs n. pl - costuri nesalariale

not for profit adj. - (organizaie) non-profit

O OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) n. - Organizaia pentru cooperare economic i dezvoltare

oligopoly n. - oligopol

one-man business n. - societate individual

open economy n. - economie deschis

opportunity cost n. - cost de oportunitate

outsourcing n. - aprovizionare prin subcontractare

overall price level n. - nivelul general al preurilor

overmanning n. - personal excedentar

overproduction n. - supraproducie

overseas investment n. - investiie n strintate

P parallel economy n. - economie paralel

per capita income n. - venit pe cap de locuitor

percentage n. - procentaj

perfect competition n. - concuren perfect

period of boom n. - perioad de avnt economic

perishable goods n. pl. - produse perisabile

personal income tax n. - impozit pe venitul persoanelor fizice

petrochemical industry n. - industria petrochimic

pharmaceutical industry n. - industria farmaceutic

planned economy n. - economie planificat

planning n. - planificare

population density n. - densitatea populaiei

population growth n. - cretere demografic

population pyramid n. - piramida vrstelor populaiei

population shift n. - migrare a populaiei

post industrial era n. - era post-industrial

poverty line n. - pragul srciei

poverty n. - srcie

power industry n. - industria energetic

power plant n. - central energetic

pressure group n. - grup de presiune

price control n. - controlul preurilor

price freeze n. - nghearea preurilor

price index n. - indice de preuri

pricing policy n. - politic de preuri

primary sector n. - sectorul primar

private initiative n. - iniiativ privat

private sector n. - sectorul privat

privatisation n. - privatizare

processing industry n. - industria prelucrtoare

produce n. - produse alimentare

production costs n. pl. - costuri de producie

production unit n. - unitate de producie

productivity gain n. - cretere a productivitii

profitability n. - rentabilitate

progressive taxation n. - impozitare progresiv

protectionism n. - protecionism

public authorities n. - autoritile publice

public expenditure n. - cheltuielile publice, guvernamentale

public interest n. - interes public

public sector n. - sectorul public

public utilities n. pl. - ntreprinderi de servicii publice

pump-priming measure n. - msur de relansare

purchasing power n. - putere de cumprare

purchasing power parity n. - paritatea puterii de cumprare

Q quota n. - contingent, cot la export

R random sampling n. - eantionare aleatorie

raw material n. - materie prim

ready-to-wear industry n. - industria de confecii

real estate n. - proprietate/avere imobiliar

real income n. - venit real

rebound of the economy n. - redresare, revigorare a economiei

recession n. - recesiune

reconversion strategy n. - strategie de reconversie

recovery n. - relansare

recovery plan n. - plan de relansare

redeployment n. - reconversia forei de munc

red-tape n. - birocraie

reflation n. - refacere, relansare

regulatory agency n. - organism de reglementare

relocation n. - reamplasare, mutare

restrictive practice n. - practic anticoncurenial

restructuring n. - restructurare

retraining n. - recalificarea forei de munc

return on investment n. - rentabilitatea investiiei

runaway inflation n. - inflaie galopant

rural urban migration n. - migraia populaiei din sectorul rural spre orae

S saturation n. - saturaie

saving n. - economisire

scale n. - grad, msur, scal

screwdriver plant n. - secie (uzin) care asambleaz piese din import

seasonal unemployment n. - omaj sezonier

secondary sector n. - sectorul secundar (industria)

self-sufficiency n. - independen economic

shed jobs v. - a suprima locuri de munc

shipbuilding industry n. - industria naval

shortage n. - penurie

short-term adj. - pe termen scurt

Single European Market n. - Piaa Comun European

slack economy n. - economie lipsit de vigoare

slow-down n. - ncetinire

small and medium sized businesses n. pl. - ntreprinderi mici i mijlocii

small investor n. - mic investitor

small-scale adj. - la scar redus

smokestack industries n. pl. - industria grea

social costs n. pl. - costuri sociale

social product n. - produs social

social protection n. - protecie social

social welfare n. - bunstare social

soft currency n. - devize slabe

spending power n. - putere de cumprare / cheltuial

spending spree n. - febra cumprturilor

stagflation n. - stagflaie

standard error n. - eroare standard

standard of living n. - nivel de trai

standard / rate of consumption n. - norm de consum

staple goods n. pl. - mrfuri de prim necesitate

state employee n. - angajat al statului

state monopoly n. - monopol de stat

state-owned company n. - ntreprindere de stat

state-planned economy n. - economie planificat

state-run sector n. - sectorul public

stem inflation v. - a limita inflaia

stock exchange n. - bursa de valori

structural unemployment n. - omaj structural

subsidise v. - a subveniona

subsidy n. - subvenie

subsistence income n. - venit de subzisten

sunset/smokestack industries n. pl. - industria grea

supply and demand n. - cerere i ofert

supply-side economics n. pl. - teoria ofertei

surge n. - cretere puternic

surge of buying n. - stimularea cumprturilor

surplus n. - excedent, surplus

swing n. - fluctuaie

T tariff barriers n. pl. - bariere vamale/tarifare

tariff policy n. - politic vamal

tax-haven n. - paradis fiscal

technological transfer n. - transfer de tehnologie

telecommunications n. pl. - industria de telecomunicaii

tertiary sector n. - sectorul teriar (seviciile)

textile industry n. - industria textil

Third-World n. - lumea a treia

tight credit policy n. - politic monetar restrictiv

tourism industry n. - industria turismului

trade barrier n. - barier comercial

trade exchanges n. pl. - schimburi comerciale

trade liberalisation n. - liberalizarea comerului

trade-off n. - compromis, schimb, troc (echivalent cu costul de oportunitate); renunare/sacrificare n schimb la altceva

trade partners n. pl. - partener comercial

trade unionism n. - sindicalism

trading block n. - bloc comercial

trading year n. - exerciiu (financiar)

transportation n. - transporturi

trend indicator n. - indicator de tendin

U underdevelopment n. - subdezvoltare

underground economy n. - economie subteran

underproduction n. - subproducie

unemployment figures/rate n. - rata omajului

unfair practice n. - concuren neloial

unit cost n. - cost unitar

upward trend n. - tendin ascendent

urbanisation n. - urbanizare

utility n. utilitate; serviciu de utilitate public

V value judgement n. - judecat de valoare

variable costs n. pl. - costuri variabile

VAT (Value-Added Tax) n. - TVA (Taxa pe Valoarea Adugat)

vertical integration n. - integrare pe vertical (fuzionarea unei firme cu alte firme aflate n stadii diferite ale procesului productiv fie cu furnizori, fie cu distribuitori)

visible balance n. - balan vizibil (diferena dintre veniturile i cheltuielile unei ri pentru produse vizibile, e.g. automobile)

visible trade n. - comer vizibil (diferena dintre exporturile tangibile i importurile tangibile); balan comercial

voluntary unemployment n. - omaj voluntar

W wage scale n. - gril de salarizare

wage-freeze n. - nghearea salariilor

wage-price spiral n. - spirala inflaionist (spirala preuri-salarii)

watchdog n. - organism de control

wealth n. - bogie

weighted average n. - medie ponderat

welfare benefits n. - avantaje sociale

widespread lay-offs n. pl. - diponibilizri generalizate

working population n. - populaia activ

work-sharing n. - divizarea/mprirea normei de munc

world trade n. - comer internaional /mondial

worst-case scenario n. - varianta pesimist

Y yardsticks n. pl. - instrumente de msur

yield n. - randament, rentabilitate

Z zero-coupon bond n. - obligaiune cu cupon zero

zero growth n. - cretere zero

ANSWER KEYSAnswer key to Unit One

I. READING COMPREHENSION

2. Mind Your Manners: It's Good Business

J. H.

K. E.

L. C.M. F.

N. A.

O. B.

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1. Collocations

1. d) or b)/e)/i)/k)

2. g)

3. b)/e)/i)/k)

4. j)

5. l)

6. f)7. a)

8. b)/e)/i)/k)

9. c)

10. g) or b)/e)/i)/k)

11. b)/e)/i)/k)

12. d) or b)/e)/i)/k)

2. Business Telephone Etiquette for Success

1. make deals

2. reached number

3. take a message

4. handle the call

5. making the call

6. returning a call7. state the purpose

8. ask for an appointment

9. End the call

10. express an interest

11. be doing business

12. burning bridges

3. Call (noun)

V: accept, end, expect, give sb, handle, make, place, return sbs, take, wait for ~

A: business, collect, emergency, long-distance, personal, private, urgent ~

4. Dictionary definitions1. d)

2. g)

3. e)

4. f)5. b)

6. a)

7. h)

8. c)

5. Factors That influence Communication

1. b)

2. c)

3. a)

4. d)

5. a)

6. d)

7. b)

8. b)9. d)

10. a)

11. b)

12. d)

13. b)

14. b)

15. d)

Answer key to Unit two

I. READING COMPREHENSION

2. Agents Can Benefit from Advances in Basic Office Equipment1. Opening mail.

2. Outgoing mail.3. Sending certified or return-receipt mail.4. Publishing client newsletters.5. Telephone headsets.6. Speed-dial numbers.7. On-hold messages.II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1. Web of Trust1. point

2. or

3. less

4. colleagues/peers

5. while/whereas

6. proposition/statement/affirmation7. with

8. too

9. link/connection

10. as

11. variables

12. were

2.Dictionary definitions

1. h

2. d

3. f

4. I

5. c6. g

7. a

8. j

9. b

10. e

3. Fill in the gaps1. A standard single-layered, single-sided digital video disc can store 4.7 GB of data; a two-layered standard enhances the single-sided layer to 8.5GB.2. Single-chip central processing units, called microprocessors, made possible personal computers and workstations.

3. In order to move a high volume of data, high-speed modems rely on sophisticated methods for 'loading' information onto the audio carrierfor example, they may combine frequency shift keying, phase modulation, and amplitude modulation to enable a single change in the carriers state to represent multiple bits of data.

4. A hard drive needs some empty space in it to run efficiently.

5. The new model of word processor has a smaller keyboard.

6. There's no sound coming out of the right-hand speaker.

7. A modern microprocessor can have over 1 million transistors in an integrated-circuit package that is roughly 1 inch square.

8. The travel agent checked the name on her monitor.

9. Hearing damage from headphones is probably more common than from loudspeakers, because many people exploit the acoustic isolation by listening at higher volumes.Answer key to Unit threeI. READING COMPREHENSION

2. In the Land of the Jobless, the Extreme Approach

1.c

2.b

3.d4.c

5.c

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1. Letter of Application

1. f)

2. i)

3. n)

4. h)

5. c), g)6. e)

7. l)

8. b), d)

9. a)

10. j)

2.Letter of Application

SalutationDear Mr./Mrs./Ms./Dr./Professor X / Sir/Madam/Sir or Madam;

Referring to a job advertisement the position of as advertised in ;

I am writing to you with regard to/about ;

Offering candidature

I would like my application for (name of the job) to be considered;

Stating reasons for applying

I have been searching for a professional position which will utilise and challenge my many talents;

I am interested in relocating/building on my knowledge

Stating availabilityI expect to be available by (date) ;

Promoting the candidate

I have a varied/strong backgound in

I graduated from in (year)with a degree in ;

I know/feel that I would be an/(a strong) asset to;

Stipulating terms and conditions of employmentIn recent years my cash compensation has been in the range of (amount of money) ;

Enclosing documents

Enclosed/Attached please find a copy of my CV/resume for your attention/appraisal/perusal;

I would offer the following as referees (names of referees);

Polite ending

Please feel free to contact me if you have any further questions. I can be reached at (phone number);

Answer key to Unit fourI. READING COMPREHENSION

2.Henry Ford

1. B

2. D

3. G4. A

5. H

6. E

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1.

1. correct

2. an

3. correct

4. double

5. correct

6. and

7. correct

8. correct9. the

10. rather

11. correct

12. correct

13. had

14. almost

15. the

2.

a) sole traders

b) private limited copmanies

c) public limited companies

d) nationalised industries

e) unincorporated businessesf) legal identity

g) unlimited liability

h) would-be entrepreneurs

i) business venture

j) financial risks

4. Text A.

1. n)

2. f)

3. m)

4. d)

5. j)

6. h)

7. e)

8. b)9. a)

10. c)

11. o)

12. g)

13. i)

14. k)

15. l)

Text B.

1. h)

2. c)

3. n)

4. j)

5. d)

6. l)

7. f)

8. a)9. o)

10. e)

11. i)

12. m)

13. b)

14. g)

15. k)

Answer key to Unit five

I. READING COMPREHENSION

2.Leadership Styles1. F.

2. F.

3. T.4. T.

5. T.

6. F.

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1. The Bosses Who Drive Staff Away1. j)

2. d)

3. m)

4. b)

5. k)

6. i)

7. c)

8. a)9. l)

10. f)

11. o)

12. n)

13. h)

14. e)

15. g)

2. GPs Waste Their Time Writing Out Sick Notes1. needless

2. administration

3. regulations

4. ailments

5. relieve

6. unnecessary7. workload

8. bureaucracy

9. responsibility

10. absenteeism

11. partnership

12. resourcing

Manage 3.Word-formation

1. Management

2. mismanaged

3. manage

4. mismanagement

5. manager

6. managerial

7. Managing

8. manageress

9. manageable

Answer key to Unit six

I. READING COMPREHENSION2. Get Me the Manager - How to Complain Effectively at Your Hotelo. Stay at the best hotel you or your company can afford.

p. Be rich and famous

q. Be loyal

r. Pay with a credit card

s. Is it really worth your time?

t. Let your corporate travel department handle itu. Know what you want

v. Don't be greedy

w. Be quick

x. Escalate, escalate, escalate

y. Don't be a jerk

z. Be concise, don't embellish

aa. Don't lieab. Say 'thank you'!

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE1. Packing Luggage for Business Trips

1. will

2. hassles/troubles/inconveniences

3. means/implies

4. spend

5. Whether6. information

7. Making/Giving

8. familiarise

9. being

10. avoided/prevented

2. Travel

Word-formation1. Peter Jackson's latest book 'Africa' is part travelogue, part memoir.

2. I love the work but I hate the travelling that's involved.

3. They're a well-travelled couple.

4. This hotel is for serious travellers, rather than tourists on two-week package holidays.

5. Supersonic planes can travel faster than the speed of sound.

6. I heard on the travel news that there'd been an accident.3.Collocations

9. Citizens of all countries require a valid national passport or valid travel documents and avalid visa granted by an Indian Mission abroad.

10. In its alliance with the rapidly growing GetThere - which says it nearly doubled its corporate travel bookings last year, to more than six million - Amtrak will be integrated into the desktop booking environment to 'become part of the universe' for business-travel decisions.

11. All other domestic travel expenses (those that are not planned annual events) for ministers should be authorized in the official board meeting minutes before ministers leave for travel, if at all possible.

12. The golden age of air travel is gone. People are tryiing to find more secure ways of travelling.

13. Ecotourism Society Pakistan (ESP) has finalised a 10-points report on the negative impacts on its travel industry due to September 11 tragedy.

14. It is apparent that people would opt for motor over rail travel for all their needs.

15. A travel insurance policy usually offers two coverages: trip cancellation/interruption and emergency medical evacuation.

16. Over the next few years the quality of first-class travel on the Liverpool & Manchester Railway was dramatically improved.

Answer key to Unit seven

I. READING COMPREHENSION

2. Types of Environment Pollution1. c)

2. e)

3. j)

4. g)

5. l)

6. a)7. d)

8. k)

9. b)

10. i)

11. h)

12. f)

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1.Environmental Subsidies for Business and Industry

1. c)

2. b)

3. c)

4. d)

5. b)

6. b)

7. b)

8. d)9. b)

10. a)

11. d)

12. a)

13. c)

14. b)

15. b)

2.Definitions.

1. b)

2. d)

3. a)4. e)

5. f)

6. c)

3. Word Formation.

1. The manifesto includes tough measures to tackle road congestion and environmental pollution.

2. Sulphur dioxide is one of several pollutants that are released into the atmosphere by coal-fired power stations.

3. The fertilizers and pesticides used on many farms are polluting the water supply.

4. Certain chemicals have been banned because of their damaging effect on the environment.

5. His message was widely publicized in the popular media and championed by political commentators traditionally opposed to environmentalist policies.

6. Claims made by environmentalists about global warming, overpopulation, energy, deforestation, species loss, water shortages, and a variety of other issues are exaggerations unsupported by a proper analysis of environmental data.

7. MIT joins a number of local institutions that have decided to design their new developments in an environmentally-friendly way.

4. Waste. Collocations

1. Household waste

2. Hazardous waste

3. Waste disposal

4. Toxic waste

5. Waste minimisation

6. Waste collection7. Waste oil

8. Waste dumping

9. Waste stream

10. Packaging waste

11. Waste generation

12. Organic waste

Answer key to Unit eightI. READING COMPREHENSION

2. Monetary Policy Expectations

1. b)

2. c)

3. a)4. d)

5. b)

II. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1. Economic Growth

1. g)

2. k)

3. m)

4. o)

5. c)

6. h)

7. e)

8. b)9. a)

10. n)

11. j)

12. l)

13. d)

14. i)

15. f)

2/3. Collocations

1. capital consumption

2. working capital

3. share capital

4. venture capital

5. capital inflow

6. capital allowance7. capital investment

8. fixed capital

9. loan capital

10. capital gains

11. capital assets

12. social capital

4.Synonyms. Supply and Demand

1. resources

2. workings

3. output

4. force

5. educated

6. appropriate7. going

8. obvious

9. think through

10. balance

11. in effect

12. model

5. Antonyms. Business Cycle

1. advocates

2. decline

3. drives apart

4. mismatch

5. unsuccessful

6. abolishment7. wholly

8. confidence

9. strengthened

10. flawed

11. unreasonable

12. large

Bibliography

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Bovee, Courtland L. & John V. Thill, Business Communication Today, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1992

Brieger, N., Sweeney, S. The Language of Business English: Grammar and Functions, Prentice Hall

Chilver, J. English for Business: A functional approach, 1996, DP Publications

Chiriacescu, A., Muresan, L., Barghiel, V., Hollinger, A. Corespondenta de Afaceri in Limbile Romana si Engleza, 1997, Teora

Cotton, D. International Business Topics, 1980, Nelson English Language Teaching

Cotton, D. Keys to Management, 1980, Nelson English Language Teaching

Cotton, D., Robbins, S. Business Class, 1993, Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.

Dotherty, M., Knapp, L., Swift, S. Write for Business: Skills for Effective Report Writing in English, 1987, Longman

Flower, J. Build Your Business Vocabulary, 1990, Language Teaching Publications

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Howard-Williams, D., Herd, C. Business Words, 1992, Heinemann

Jacob, M., Strutt, P. English for International Tourism, 1997, Longman

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1800 Montaigne Street

Philadelphia, Pennylvania

17300-6040

The Manager

Americas Merchants Abroad Inc.

2830 Elm Street

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19205-4613

29th March 2003

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